Medical Heroin Use in Cancer Treatment: Ethical Appraisal

Medical Heroin Use in Cancer Treatment: Ethical Appraisal HEROIN USED IN CANCER TREATMENT- ETHICAL OR NOT Name: Engin LAP INTRODUCTION Our research in cancer treatment used heroin, morphine ethical assessment of the use of such agents will be carried on. The method used will be used as a qualitative method. Research investigating various literature, obtained via literature will be discussed. Cancer is one of todays most important health problems. Frequent and due to the high deadly is a public health problem (Eti, 2005). Of patients with cancer of the biggest fears that a deadly disease of cancer, the second biggest fears of the disease have been shown to cause severe pain. Cancer diagnosed patients, %20-35 disease middle period %30-50 of patients and advanced stage patients in the %60-100 lesion type and by substituting moderate or severe pain in the draw (Eti, 2005). Treatment and care of patients with health care professionals and health care institutions struggle for managers of ethics requires an array. When it comes to cancer, the situation is more delicate and complicated. The goals of medicine in the decision (to maintain health, to improve quality of life, to prevent untimely death, to relieve pain and suffering) are difficult to obtain (Uà §an, 2007). Every decision indirectly affect the patients quality of life and life expectancy due to the oncologist, treatment and care of cancer patients are expected to adhere to the highest ethical standards (Ersoy, 2009). Pain in cancer patients appears to be the most common symptoms and in the last stages of life are increasing in prevalence and severity. By adversely affecting quality of life and integrity for patients and their relatives than even death itself can be a source of great fear (Uzunoglu, 2011). Solving the pain or the pain was not addressed, inadequacy and pain sufferers have decrea sed the quality of life of people. Uncontrolled pain person physical activity, social relationships negatively affect psychological tension increases. The food habits of people with chronic pain, sleep patterns and social structure are adversely affected. The relationship between pain and psychological well-being is extremely complex and inversely proportional. Mood, perception of pain and pain-related experience can increase the intensity. Likewise, the presence of pain is the most important determinant of mood . Pain Management is a Patient Rights. The most important purpose of the rights of patients of health care to everyone, equally accessible and can be delivered in a continuous manner. When evaluated in terms of ethical pain; Do not leave people in pain that can be corrected is contrary to human rights has been concluded. Everyone deserves to be in pain pain relief. If this right stems from respect for human rights in the world. Health workers also an important responsibility is to provide adequate analgesia to pain sufferers. Cancer of the disease compared to people suffering from the disease are experiencing pain. In determining the source of pain intensity is the patient. Subjective complaints in which the objective evaluation of pain measurement scales which are usually between 0-10 verbal or numerical scale used. Pain assessment scale of five or more is important that both of the patients pain, as well as an indication of the quality of life is greatly distorted. 7 pain measurement scale 1-4 mild pain, moderate pain is 5-6, while 7-10 is classified as severe pain apioid are used for pain relief. To be effective in treating different types of pain, route of administration due to the diversity and reliable property constitutes the main treatment in cancer pain. During Cancer Treatment; The methods used for the treatment of severe pain in the second step involved with drugs or unavailability of adequate effective in cases where the pain is very severe opioid weak to strong opioids are used instead of the WHO analgesic ladder system should be made to step 3. Strong opioids are quick and slow-release preparations. Morphine, hydromorphone, bupren-fun, methadone, fentanyl, alfentanil, heron strong opioids are the most commonly used in Europe. These include oral, parenteral, buccal, transdermal, transmucosal and transnasal ways be given. Optimal pain control, analgesic doses given on a regular basis can be realized by (Ripamonti C., 2009 Messina J., 2008). Ä °nforming A pain relieving the pain of suffering related to how health services should be clear and easy to reach. Pain for the patients own case that the interference characteristics, risks, benefits the right to know exactly if there are alternatives. Physicians to withhold information would be more useful in patients with faith may not be familiar with the consent of the family. For example, many cancer patients disease in our country what it is, or what awaits them in dealing with the disease do not know. Patient status of chronic pain patients to pain and disability in order to eliminate planned painkillers to be used as analgesics angle (morphine, heroin) operation characteristics of the patient analgesic in terms of expected contribution about the transfer of information understandable language, foreign words that are not to be done with. Approval The prerequisite for any medical intervention after the patients informed consent for the procedure is planned. The surgery patients have the right to refuse or stop. In such a case the patient should be explained the consequences of the attempt madeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹. Patients will not be reported to the contrary, a statement in an emergency or if the attempt is made in advance. If the attempt to get the approval of the patients legal representative can be made (Evren, 1997). Even if the patients legal representative should participate in the decision making process itself. The use of all components of the human body and is essential for maintaining the patient consent. However, diagnosis, treatment and care Heroin, Morphine drug use can be applied without the consent of the patient when needed (TellioÄÅ ¸lu, 2002). Addiction, Tolerance and Detoxification All serious side effects of pain medications and methods are available. When considered ethically adequate pain relief pain patients and physicians, the balance should be made available with minimal side effects, morphine used in cancer treatment, there are side effects of substances such as heroin. Addiction, tolerance and physical dependence on the substance of abuse was defined as. Tolerance, substance repeated, exposure, in the form of a reduction in the pharmacological response represents adaptation. Physiological dependence, uptake ceases or is reduced significantly, emerging situations that are marked with withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms, substance starts as soon disappear from the body via metabolism, and excretion of the substance initially in the direction opposite of the effect of rebound effects (Evren, 1997). Detoxification is the first step to start treatment and stay out without real success is not the situation. The more difficult aspects of treatment, drug-taking behavior is protection again. The adaptability of the body, treated with any known drug and is not dependent on tolerance and withdrawal symptoms often occur should be noted that (Evren, 1997). Detoxification of patients addicted to heroin and other opioids, just stay away from long-term substa nce or opioid antagonist with maintenance helps to prepare rehabilitation. Because most patients relapse quickly because they are away from substances remain in the program, although supported by society and the private health care system, even though detoxification is usually unsuccessful. Heroin is used in medical terms (recreational drug) use of terms can be highly addictive (Evren, 1997). Again there is no detoxification. However, opioid withdrawal syndrome in medical terms used obtrusive, though, is not life threatening and long acting opioids, such as morphine, can be easily treated by reducing the dose gradually (Evren, 1997). Heroin/Morphine usability in Cancer Treatment Adequate pain management in cancer patients can not be provided without the dedication of the function. It is not possible to extend the design life in cancer patients. Then the latest objectives of should be to prolong life. These objectives and priority in making belà ¼ien both clinicians and patients also should play a role. As mentioned previously proposed methods for the treatment of pain serious side effects may be undesirable (CansÄ ±z, 2002). For example for cutting pain opioid tolerance can lead to the high dose. This tolerance is a state abbreviation patient survival but reduces the quality of life. briefly outlined and exemplified patient rights and physician to the patient of their duties properly fulfilled only physicians as health provision employees interests are not at the same time the government, hospitals, nurses, insurance companies, health care workers providing education to medical schools, nursing schools as institutions that are interested with. In diff erent countries in different stages of this hierarchical order is clogged (CansÄ ±z, 2002). For example in some countries for the treatment of pain and the morphine-like analgesics can be achieved due to various causes is still very difficult. At this point, after obtaining these drugs from the government until the pharmacist is responsible for everyone. Human rights and ethical principles that can be treated when viewed in the light of a serious crime is not limited to pain relief enough. Some of insensitivity on this issue when the system is insensitive clinicians are dragging. The problem is systemic and widespread legal size already out anyone who can not examine the moral dimensions of this problem (CansÄ ±z, 2002). METHOD In this research in cancer treatment used heroin, morphine ethical assessment of the use of such agents will be carried on. In the research literature will be scanned and analyzed. The method used will be used as a qualitative method. Research investigating various literature, obtained via literature will be discussed. DISCUSSION Cancer patients welfare should be provided, the patient must be protected from potential harm. Patients and their families should be provided for all of the support, the pain should be minimized. For this purpose, the most effective method is the effective treatment of pain and other symptoms. In the treatment of patients with cancer pain, inability to use ones free will, have the ability to be able to use various dilemmas arising out is considered (Ersoy, 2009). Sometimes patients refuse treatment. Patients rejected pain when they are required to investigate the cause of the clinician. We all know the pain which is caused by cancer drugs, radiotherapy and surgery as a treatment for these patients is generally insufficient and emergency assistance is needed analgesic (Ersoy, 2009). Despite the side effects of the recent target for cancer patient should be pain relief. Cancer patients welfare should be provided, the patient must be protected from potential harm. Patients and their fam ilies should be provided for all of the support, the pain should be minimized. For this purpose, the most effective method is the effective treatment of pain and other symptoms. CONCLUSION Cancer is one of today’s most important health problems. Frequent and killing is high, is a public health problem. The development of diagnostic possibilities and opportunities to benefit from health care organizations with the increase of cancer cases are diagnosed each year more. Patients undergoing cancer treatment is undergoing a painful process. Untreated pain; the patients physiological functions, mental functions such as thinking and communication, reduce quality of life by adversely affecting their social relations and psychological disorders can cause. Cancer related pain can be seen as a result of suicide attempts. So removal of pain during cancer treatment is very important. If the patients pain during cancer treatment doctors in terms of blocking requires ethical responsibility. Heroin is used for the prevention of pain, such as morphine can be thought as an ethical matter. An arduous process in which cancer pain and in the treatment of a legal requirement that pat ients rights, Approval, Information and ethically when we think of patients with this stage to accept the result of the treatment and pain relief methods, in terms of the methods used is ethical considered. REFERENCES AÄÅ ¸rÄ ± ve etik ahlakÄ ±, AÄÅ ¸rÄ ± ve analjezikler Arslan, D., TatlÄ ±, A. M., ÃÅ"yetà ¼rk, ÃÅ". (2013) Kansere BaÄÅ ¸lÄ ± AÄÅ ¸rÄ ± ve Tedavisi. CansÄ ±z, K. H., Ä °nangil, G., Kuyumcu, M., Yedekà §i, A. E., Ã…Å ¾en, H., Ãâ€"zkan, S., DaÄÅ ¸lÄ ±, G. (2012). Respiratory Depression Caused by Heroin Use.TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin,11(2), 248-250. Çelik M. (2009) Kanser aÄÅ ¸rÄ ±sÄ ±nÄ ± giderici yà ¶ntemler Ersoy N. (2009). EtiÄÅ ¸e uygun kanser bakÄ ±m sistemi. Hacettepe T†ºp Dergisi ; 40:102-107 Eti, Z. (2005) Kanserde aÄÅ ¸rÄ ± tedavisi. Evren C.(1997) BAÄÅ ¾IMLILIK Ä °Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ °N ARAÃ…Å ¾TIRMA TEMELLÄ ° Ä °LAÇ TEDAVÄ °LERÄ °NÄ °N TANZÄ °MÄ ° KAYACAN, N., KARSLI, B., Anesteziyoloji, A. ÃÅ". T. F. Kanserde AÄÅ ¸rÄ ± Tedavisi. Kebudi, R. (2006). Terminal dà ¶nemde kanserli à §ocuk ve ailesine yaklaÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±m.Tà ¼rk Onkoloji Dergisi,21(1), 37-41. nonfarmakolojik yà ¶ntemler.FÄ ±rat SaÄÅ ¸lÄ ±k Hizmetleri Dergisi,2(4), 124-133. Keskinbora, K., Keskinbora, K. AÄÅ ¸rÄ ± ve TÄ ±bbi Etik.Clinic Medicine, 1306-2123. Ripamonti C, Bandieri E.(2009) Pain therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 70(2):145- 59.. TellioÄÅ ¸lu, T., TellioÄÅ ¸lu, Z. (2012). TÄ ±bbi esrar psikiyatrik bozukluklarÄ ±n tedavisinde kullanÄ ±labilir mi?.Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni,22(1). Uà §an, Ãâ€"., Ovayolu, N. (2007). Kanser aÄÅ ¸rÄ ±sÄ ±nÄ ±n kontrolà ¼nde kullanÄ ±lan yà ¶ntemler UzunoÄÅ ¸lu S. (2011). Kanser HastalarÄ ±nda AÄÅ ¸rÄ ±ya YaklaÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±m, 24: 14-20

Bilingual Acquisition

Through various observations and experiences that the public witnessed regarding bilingualism and learning second languages, the people have formed particular beliefs, opinions, and ideologies about language and communication, as well as the nature or characteristics of second language learners and the learning environments they are subjected into.These beliefs, opinions, and ideologies, even generalizations are extremely significant in shaping the structure or framework of education in terms of bilingualism and second language learning considering the situations of the learners because they provide the academic community with significant information that will help professionals in making well-informed decisions regarding the matter at hand. For instance, people may communicate their thoughts about various teaching strategies that efficiently provide learning opportunities for second language learners that were designed to accomplish the goals and objectives of bilingual education.So metimes, the involvement of the public to academic affairs helps in fostering collaborative relationships that further improves the landscape of education. With this in mind, one of the most important issues regarding bilingual education shall be discussed in the remainder of this text, determining how second language learners learn best and identifying how the issue shall be settled for the adaptation of academic institutions under the context of bilingual education.This particular issue challenges the framework of bilingual education because it criticizes how pedagogical processes designed for second language learners facilitate the transfer of knowledge efficiently and appropriately meeting established goals and objectives of bilingualism. Apparently, there had been much debate on the risks, difficulties, and challenges involved during the process of bilingual acquisition due to the perceived results or outcomes from the learning process that do not meet standards, guidelines, go als, and objectives of bilingual education.For critiques of bilingual acquisition, learning two languages at the same time influences what and how second language learners will learn, particularly grammatical structures and functions. They postulate that there will be learning delays if the pedagogical processes implemented for bilingual education is compared with those applied for monolingual education.Although critiques have developed an acceptable position that transforms how bilingual education and acquisition is viewed, I believe that thorough investigation on the matter supported by various research studies will support how bilingual education is made efficient by implementing pedagogical processes based on bilingual acquisition. This discourse shall focus on disproving the aforementioned claim about bilingual acquisition and look to support arguments through a series of discussions gained from various reputable and valid sources.Going over these issues thoroughly and comprehe nsively is extremely important because understanding how learners will be able to learn through bilingual acquisition matches the landscape of society at present time. GLOBALIZATION AND BILINGUAL EDUCATION I believe that bilingualism is rooted on globalization which initiates worldwide interaction between people from different nations. Globalization facilitates the growth and development of economies, cooperation and sharing between governments and politics, unity among cultures, and so on. However, one of the challenges faced by globalization is communication.For this reason, there had been an impending need in the past to look for means by which interaction among nations was to be facilitated by discovering communication strategies and techniques. Under these pretexts, bilingual education was developed and its foundation fortified in order to cultivate the aims and objectives of globalization. (Sonntag, 2003) For these reasons, tackling issues that either shape or debunk bilingual education is severely important because its results or outcomes instantly affect the situations that society will consequently experience.By realizing the advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses, nature and features of bilingual education society will become aware of its importance in developing the landscape of our world based on the demands and concerns of our society at present time. We shall be able to make valuable decisions on how we are to develop and improve education, particularly bilingual education, in order for people to obtain comprehensive and essential knowledge and skills to become productive and indispensable members of society. ANSWERING CHALLENGES TO BILINGUAL ACQUISITIONThe primary critique towards bilingual acquisition constitutes tendencies that impede learning and education rather than foster it in children. The critique hypothesis has something to do with how the process of simultaneously learning two languages might affect how learners will u nderstand and apply grammatical rules and structures during communication. This concern was focused on the possibility that learners might confuse the grammatical structure of one language with the grammatical structure of another developing inefficient and erroneous language use and communication.However, several research studies have proved that this argument or hypothesis is not true. Two research studies which were conducted to determine how early exposure to the target language of learning influences learning development and capabilities. These two studies revealed that early exposure to the target language does indeed strengthen the foundations of language learning and is more likely to exhibit positive results or outcomes. The first study conducted by Newport (1990) focused on proving the influence of maturational constraints in learning the American Sign Language or ASL.The second study by Mayberry, Lock, and Kazmi (2002) was centered on comparing the task performances betwe en learners who had no early experiences of the target signed and spoken languages and those who experienced learning situations for the purpose of obtaining knowledge and skills on the target signed and spoken languages. Both studies have revealed that exposure to the target language, whether it be signed or spoken, is more likely to contribute to advanced development of linguistic capabilities later in life despite differences on the level of maturity exhibited by children as compared to adults.This particular conclusions prove how exposing children with the target language early on is important in helping build a strong foundation for linguistic learning and capabilities that shall materialize until adulthood. Caruthers, Laurence, & Stich (2005) talked about how the competencies and capabilities of children are often undermined. What some people fail to realize, especially critiques of bilingual acquisition in children, is how this specific population as young as they are, are ab le to exhibit linguistic competence that is comparable to the knowledge and skills obtained by adults.By obtaining evidences from the poverty of stimulus argument and facts gained from psycholinguistic investigations on the language and communication skills of children, Caruthers, Laurence, & Stich (2005) proved that children are similarly capable of achieving competence in linguistics in the same way that adults do. In this particular study, children were described to be capable of looking beyond their experiences and determine the differences between languages used in various settings and situations.Moreover, the language input that children obtain from learning serve as guides for them in order to distinguish between their native language and the target language even if the nature of the input does not match their previous experiences. This means that children are naturally capable of learning second languages by looking beyond their previous experiences and native language, and distinguishing the second language through symbolisms and interpretations.In previous discussions, the innate learning capabilities of children were explored in order to emphasize how children are able to learn two languages efficiently despite differences in language or grammar structures between the learner’s native language and the target language. This argument was supported by research studies conducted by Newport (1990), Mayberry, Lock, & Kazmi (2002), and Caruthers, Laurence, & Stich (2005) which support the hypothesis that there is no learning gaps between children and adults.Exposure to the target language at an early age does in fact establish continuity to a child’s learning competence towards adulthood. This particular idea dismisses the previous argument stated to critique bilingual acquisition which states that simultaneous language learning will cause developmental delays in language, because the process results to the opposite. Studies have confirmed th at early exposure leads to impressive competence on language in later life.Supporting these arguments were the claims revealed about the innate characteristics of children who are able to perceive different languages despite their previous experiences from their native language. Children have been said to be naturally perceptive who can distinguish the differences between various languages simply because they do not relate their earlier experiences and their native language with a second or foreign language.This particular finding also dismisses the arguments presented against bilingual acquisition that relates the simultaneous learning of second languages to confusion regarding grammar usage or conflicts between the native language and the target language which leads to poor communication among children who were believed to be incapable of distinguishing grammatical and structural differences among various languages. In Ng & Wigglesworth’s (2007) discussions on bilingualism and language acquisition, they dismiss assumptions on the child’s innate capabilities as determinants of bilingual competence.For Ng & Wigglesworth (2007), bilingual competence exhibited by children is influenced by external factors independent of the child. Therefore, assumptions that children may not be able to handle second language learning because of their inability to distinguish between grammatical forms and structures exhibited by two different languages are incoherent simply because it was based on a limited construct which does not consider all the factors and aspects involved in the process.According to Ng & Wigglesworth (2007), the efficiency and frequency of interaction influences how language, particularly a second language, is acquired or learned. This means that although learning is generally known to be influenced by personality, self-motivation, and innate characteristics, the quality of instruction or interaction and the frequency by which instruction or in teraction take place affects the bilingual competence of children.Therefore, if some people argue that bilingual acquisition might not be the best strategies in the transfer of language and communication skills, we say, based on Ng & Wigglesworth’s (2007) illustrations that the feared or perceived outcomes of bilingual acquisition – that is, conflicts on grammatical forms and structures between the first and the second language – may be prevented by focusing on developing a strong foundation that shall stand by bilingual education. This means that the success of learning and bilingual acquisition is dependent therefore on how language is taught and learned.Pressly & McCormick’s (2006) discussions on bilingualism and cognitive development support Ng & Wigglesworth’s (2007) arguments. For Pressly & McCormick (2006), enhancing the bilingual or linguistic competencies of second language learners is dependent on the methods of instruction. Moreover, in several studies comparing bilingual and monolingual students, it has been found out that the awareness of bilingual students that they obtained from their exposure to two different languages contributed to their cognitive development, and thus, helped in letting them differentiate grammatical structures between both languages.CONCLUSION From previous discussions, we have found out that perceptions regarding flaws of bilingual acquisition are annullable. This is because evidences from research studies have pointed out that the innate capabilities of children, the external factors that contribute to bilingual acquisition, and the comparison between bilingual and monolingual learners, prove that children should not be undermined by supposing they will not be able to handle the process of acquiring two languages simultaneously.These findings imply that academic institutions should focus on strengthening the quality of bilingual education in order to further the cognitive growth and deve lopment of bilingual learners. Further research studies should focus on how bilingual education is to be transformed in order to meet high standards and guidelines of second language learning and linguistic competence that are not only precursors to personal growth and development and nation-building through productiveness, but also in meeting the demands of a globalized and multicultural society that relies so much on communication and interaction.ReferencesCaruthers, P. , Laurence, S. , & Stich, S. P. (2005). The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents. United States: Oxford University Press. Damon, W. , et. al. (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology, 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Mayberry, R. I. , Lock, E. , & Kazmi, H. (2002). Linguistic Ability and Early Language Exposure. Nature, Vol. 417, p. 38. Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Ng, B. C. & Wigglesworth, G. (2007). Bilingualism.An Advanced Resource Book. Oxford, UK: Routledge. Pressly, M. & McCormick, C. (2006). Child and Adolescent Developm ent for Educators. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Newport, S. K. (1990). Maturational Constraints on Language Learning. Cognitive Science 14, 11-28. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. Sonntag, S. K. (2003). The Local Politics of Global English: Case Studies in Linguistic Globalization. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

All The Shah s Men - 1482 Words

All the Shah’s Men by Stephen Kinzer details the 1953 American-orchestrated coup in Iran. Iran was under British economic control, but as it modernized, Iranians began fighting for their own control. Their fledgling democracy was working to modernize, until the UK and the US decided to interfere to protect Britain’s colonial holdings from Soviet influence. Because the US was not interested in protecting a British business, British politicians emphasized the threat the USSR held to Iran, leading to Americans inserting themselves into a nation’s politics in which they had no place. They successfully orchestrated a coup, however, the negative, long-term, anti-Western results overwhelm any positive effect. All the Shah’s Men by Stephen Kinzer paints a picture of the results of action without adequate attention to future results. All the Shah’s Men details the Iranian coup of 1953. The British, as a colonial power, ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which provided much of the oil Britain needed during World War II. Not only that, but it provided large amounts of revenue for the nation. Meanwhile, the Iranians were not benefiting from the arrangement, as the British mistreated the Iranian workers and paid only a minute amount of the profits to the Iranian government. A politician, Mossadegh, arose who would work to nationalize Iranian oil production, taking away economic and political power from the British. Obviously, the British were unwilling to accept this, and, incensed atShow MoreRelatedAll The Shah s Men998 Words   |  4 Pages Looking back to 1953, the nation was at a much different place. However, the decisions that were made in 1953 greatly impacted the nation’s involvement in terrorism today. 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The shah, who is the monarch of Iran, continued to supply the U.S. with oil in exchange for military and economic aid to Iran. In a 1953 power struggle with his prime minister, the Shah gained American support to prevent nationalization of Iran s oil industry. In return for assuring theRead MoreEssay on Sex and Lies in Arabian Nights1082 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Burton#8217;s translation of Arabian Nights, several stories revolve around three ideas; sex, lies, and violence. It seems that one idea hinges on another and the stories use one to justify the other. This paper will explore the use of sex, lies, and violence and their interdependence on one another throughout three stories. These stories are #8220;The Story of King Shahryar and His Brother,#8221; #8220;Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,#8221; and #8220;The Hunchback#8217;s Tale.#8221;

Porsche Cayenne - 11733 Words

rP os t 9-511-068 REV: MARCH 29, 2011 JOHN DEIGHTON JILL AVERY JEFFREY FEAR op yo Porsche: The Cayenne Launch In March 2003 the Porsche brand faced a challenge without precedent in 55 years. Since the e launch of the Porsche 356 in 1948, the brand had stood for expensive, high-performance sports cars. Its designs, varying little over the decades, formed and then came to reflect the notion of a classic n sports car. It was a connoisseur’s racing vehicle, engineered for speed and maneuverability. But it was also a rebel’s car; the car James Dean died in and that Tom Cruise ditched in the motion picture Risky Business. Always and everywhere, Porsches were sports cars. tC 2003 marked the end of this†¦show more content†¦op yo In 1953, Porsche produced its first racing car, the 550. In 1964 came the iconic 911, also a racing car. Designed by Ferry’s eldest son, the rear-engine vehicle became a twentieth-century design landmark. In the 1970s, Porsche and Volkswagen collaborated on launching the 914. In 1972, Porsche became a joint stock company (Porsche AG) with the Porsche and Pià «ch families on the board. Porsche AG was nearly derailed by the U.S. stock market crash in 1987. Sales volume collapsed from a peak of 50,000 cars in 1986 to 14,000 in 1993.2 At the time Ferry Porsche commented: â€Å"I certainly have not given away my family name to sell off and cash out the company to the highest offer. This philosophy might hold true for Americans, but not for us.†3 tC In 1991, Porsche launched the first of several cars at price points lower than traditionally associated with the Porsche brand. The 911 RS America was a no-frills version of the long-running rear-engine 911 model; priced at $54,000, it ran about $10,000 under traditional Porsche prices. This was followed by the entry-level 968 at about $40,000, close to the $37,000 Nissan 300ZX Turbo or the $33,000 Mazda RX-7.4 Design and production changes continued in 1992 with the introduction of a revamped, water-cooled 911, the 996. The decision to break with the past and replace theShow MoreRelatedPorsche Cayenne Case Study Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesPorsche: The Cayenne Launch – During the more then 60 years that Porsche has been producing automobiles they have implemented a variety of design changes and launched many new models -- some drastic, others small. These changes have all been based on the brand’s firm ideals of high performance, fine craftsmanship and a high level of engineering, With the launch of the Cayenne SUV, Porsche experienced an immense challenge in connecting its brand image and identity with the new offering, whileRead MoreBacklash Against The Launch Of The Porche Cayenne1679 Words   |  7 PagesLAUNCH OF THE PORCHE CAYENNE Porsche Core Customers The introduction of the Porsche Cayenne had angered the current Porsche owners. These current owners are worried that the Porsche Cayenne would mark the end of the Porsche that they once knew. To Porsche owners, the concept of an SUV is too different from the other cars in the Porsche family. They want Porsche to retain its performance sports car heritage through designing only sport car models that are fitted to the Porsche brand image. FurthermoreRead MoreEstudio de Caso: El Lanzamiento de Porsche Cayenne4371 Words   |  18 Pages[pic] Estudio de caso: El lanzamiento de Porsche Cayenne à ndice Introduccià ³n Antecedentes La gestià ³n de Wendelin Wiedeking (hasta 1998) Lanzamiento de nuevos modelos El mercado de los SUV’s La diversificacià ³n en la actividad empresarial Diversificacià ³n en diferentes industrias (ejemplos) Tendencias en la industria automotriz Las tendencias en la à ©poca del caso Implicaciones para Porsche de entrar al mercado de los SUV’s Read MoreCayen Porsche1257 Words   |  6 PagesPorsche had always been one of the most successful and influential brands in the world. The Carrera 911 is the dream car of many ambitious men. Before Cayenne launch, there is only one lower price Porsche Boxster had been added as a new product line to the brand in 1996 . Throughout the years, Porsche had successfully built up a strong high-end sports car identity. The Cayenne news was shocking for consumers, as they could never imagine such a product. In this paper, I am going to identify problemsRead MorePorsche Case Study643 Words   |  3 PagesOcampo Chapter 5 Porsche Case Study: Guarding the Old While Bringing the New 1. Analyze the buyer Decision process of a traditional Porsche customer. a. Traditionally Porsche has developed a low volume and increasingly fragmented auto market. The availability of these high end models created an image of exclusivity. And this image is very important to the Porsche customer and they want their car to represent how successful they are. For the traditional Porsche customer the 1stRead MorePorsche And The Sport Car Industry Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe situation Porsche was founded in 1931 by Fernand Porsche with his son and son in law (Anton Piech the father of VW chairman Ferdinand Piech). Porsch started as a firm that sold design and engineering services to other carmakers. Porsche produces VW beetle in 1934 and the first branded sports car (the Porsche 356 series) in 1948 after ww2. In 2007 was the world’s most profitibale automaker on a per unit basis with a production of just 100,000 automobiles annually with an average revenue ofRead MorePorsche Case Study Analyze3133 Words   |  13 PagesMANAGEMENT Porsche case Introduction Creating a brand is one of key things that each company should create and fight for. Creating brand and strong personality is a piece of the chain that one company can’t live without. This is a case where we are going to research and discuss the brand image and maintenance of the brand of Porsche Company. Porsche has wellRead MorePorsche - Strategic management case5409 Words   |  22 Pages................................................................................................ 9 Boxster/Cayman ............................................................................................................................... 9 Cayenne .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Panamera ..............................................................................................Read MoreHowever, There Is One Issue Regarding To The Downsized1169 Words   |  5 Pagesdownsize their engine is Porsche from the Stuttgart, Germany to prove, smaller engines are actually can be more powerful and efficient than their bigger variants. Porsche is a car manufacturer from the Stuttgart, Germany that founded in 1931. They are specialized on the racecars when they are first started to business. Through the years they are starting to produce road cars and get to known by a lot of people because of their successful racing history. In today’s world Porsche is known by their famousRead MoreAutomotive Industry and Porsche Production Line1641 Words   |  7 PagesShona L. Thomas- Porsche Case Study 1.) General Environment Factors for Porsche: A.) Demographic segment for Porsche is Age and Income distribution. Porsche target age is group is consumers is male over the age of 40 in addition to an average income of 180k a year. That has a positive effect on this segment because they have defined their niche audience that best responds to their line of cars. B.) Political and Legal segment directly affects the future production of Porsche vehicles with regulatory

Similarities Between Christianity And Islam - 1316 Words

In today’s world, the largest religion is Christianity with a 33 percent and Islam coming in second place at around 21 percent. According to the article A Common Word between Us and You Both religions make up around half of the population around the world. Islam and Christianity are collectively known as Abrahamic religions because they trace their history to the covenant God made with Abraham in the Hebrew Bible. Christianity and Islam are two of the fastest growing religions, and they both have a lot in common ideas but yet have major differences in their beliefs and practices. First of all, both of Christianity and Islam religions have a quiet of bit in similarities. One example in which both religious have same ideas is that they both believe in one God. According to Mojzes and Swidler â€Å"Christianity and Islam are monotheistic religions; they believe that there is only one God. Jews and Muslims greatly stress the oneness and unity of God. The affirmation of the oneness of God by Christians is sometimes misunderstood, because Christians believe that the one God is triune (the Holy Trinity). However, this is not a denial of monotheism but an affirmation of the complexity of the Divine Being. Both faiths believe that this God is the origin and source of all that exists. God cares about the entire creation and desires the well-being of all. God is just and has provided basic roles for our guidance so that we might be good and righteous, according to God sShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam993 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity and Islam are the two biggest religions that are present in the world today, with close to fou r billion followers combined. While Christianity and Islam actually have a lot more in common than most people think, there are still many differences to them. First, let’s start with the similarities between the two. Both religions believe that in one way or another, Jesus will return to Earth in the final days of the world to have a judgement day, in which essentially will determine if youRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity997 Words   |  4 PagesIslam and Christianity are two largely wide spread religions in the world that have a great impact on their followers, especially in a spiritual manner. Because of originality, values, and unique believes in each religion, their believers respect and try to comprehend each other’s faith. With Christianity’s record 2.2 billion population and Islam’s impressive 1.6 billion population, they both form the bases of their countries laws and are recognized by governments all around the world. Even t houghRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1427 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and Islam share much common ground. They trace their origins to Abraham; believe in prophecy, apostles, revelation, scripture, resurrection, and life after death. Christianity and Islam have related theological traditions; believe in one omnipotent God who is concerned with human salvation. Both religions are somewhat similar in how they embrace their beliefs; what the church is to Christianity, the umma is to Islam. Notwithstanding these important similarities, however, these two worldviewsRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1088 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant historic province where it served as the birthplace for many beliefs and religions such as Christianity and Islam. Within 600 CE to 1250 CE and 1st century to 1000 CE, Christianity and Islam began to spread. The two leading religions were very apparent in their belief in God and worship. As we seek to understand the Christian and Islam beliefs, it is important to be familiar with both the similarities and differences in the early years. The thought of death may terrify most of us, but to thoseRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1409 Words   |  6 Pages Christianity and Islam were both spread in socially and economically similar and politically different. They both had an important people that role and spread of the religions. Christianity included the individuals of who believe in Jesus Christ. Christians are the flowers of the Christ who often believed is the son of the God (â€Å"the father†); Christians strongly believe that Christ will return after the next life; the end of the world. Islam consists of individuals who believe in Allah, the godRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1005 Words   |  5 Pages Compare and contrast ancient Christianity and Islam. Christianity and Islam are both closely related religions, because they are branched of Abraham and other patriarchs mentioned in Hebrew Scriptures. Examples of these books are the Old/ New testament and the Quran. These books serve as their spiritual ancestors and are also know as Abrahamic religions. Although these books have a massive amount in common the clash of these two religions has caused for a mass crimes and violence across humanityRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam891 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity came about 2000 years ago and was founded by Jesus Christ. It is mostly practiced in the Western world with a population of about 2 billion people. The name Christianity came from a Greek word ‘Christos’ meaning Jesus Christ and was founded between 4 B.C. and 30 A.D, and consist of the 3 major groups which are the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox. Islam on the other hand was founded about 1400 years ago by Muhammad in 600’s A.D. The word Islam is derived from an Arabic word forRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1332 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion has its own goal, and their own path and belief to reach their goals. However, there are many similarities in beliefs. Although the followers of Judaism, Christianit y, and Islam may see things differently, they all fundamentally hold the same values and codes. To Islam, the Prophet Mohammad’s teaching is a complete and final revelation. On the other hand, according to the bible, Christianity believes that Jesus Christ is the true lord and savior that will grant you the access to heaven in theRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity1928 Words   |  8 Pagesget punished for practicing religion. The two religions bear some superficial similarities, the differences between the two religions is clear though. How the two religions practice their beliefs, the population, beliefs, and how they view â€Å"Jesus† are different and similar. Although the two religions are very different from each other, they also show some similarities. The main similarity is that Islam and Christianity both are monotheistic; meaning they believe in one god. Which are 2 out of theRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity1619 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar beginnings, Islam is a religion of violence and Christianity is a religion of peace and therefore is more beneficial to society. It is important to understand the similarities between Islam and Christianity, specifically their origins, to better understand their differences. Islam is believed to have been started through the descendants of Abraham, a man who was considered a prophet of God in both Islam and Christianity. Many historians and theologians agree that Islam began through the lineage

Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2 Free Essays

string(107) " founded with the broad approaches that may even equate the person perception’s in terms of credibility\." This article is about Gwendolyn who was the singer-songwriter and the Goodtime Gang happened to be her band. Gwendolyn’s appeal is over age seven (7) wherein her typical performance may include the coverage of standards in preschool such as the â€Å"Bingo and The Itsy Spider†. She has also some original compositions tackling the topics of human anatomy with the emphasis of sharing. We will write a custom essay sample on Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gwendolyn was twenty-eight years old and said to be performing the Raggedy Ann dress, known to be the pigtails that are cartoonist and the socks are knee-high. She performed in one of the nightclubs of Los Angeles that even performs for such crowd of fans wherein the idea is indeed stiff drinking extending beyond the undiluted. Many of the audience are sitting crossed-legged on the floor wherein the cocktails may even perch of the knees considerably bobbing. Gwendolyn has no children of her own but most of her songs are definitely for children as inspired by a four (4) year old kid inside me that performed the music of children for the grown-ups audience that is absolutely more than the lark of hipster which was then absolutely liberating.   The inner children are having the fun all over and whether the mere fact of buying cars as the consumers’ market at their half age, the baby-doll fashions of dressing may be the bonding over the games of Twister and at the same time kickball with the new breed of the quasi adult who is the culture’s co-opting with the children as never been before. Mostly have their busy lives with the responsibilities among adult with the jobs as indeed respectful and the children of their own. They are not absolutely been regard as stunted adolescents wherein the are said to be something thus, the grown-ups may event cultivate the tastes in the products as well as Call’s entertainment with rejuveniles. Synthesis: In terms of Ethos of the Article, the speaker is very convincing in terms of the presence of widespread evidence. As stated by Nielsen Media, the research made proven that the more adults at age eighteen (18) to forty-nine years old may even watch the Network pertaining to Cartoon than watching CNN. There are more than thirty-five million people that were able to catch up with the long-lost pals of school on the Web site Classmates.com. The signing on this web site has its proof of making sixteen again and the so-called â€Å"60 Minutes II† corresponds to this as indeed reported. The fuzzy pajamas which were attached to the feet may come in the sizes of adult at its Target that is along with the underpants of Scooby Doo. As studied the video game of average age is now twenty-nine (29) that is up from only eighteen in the year 1990, in accordance with the entertainment Software Association. Another attraction is the cartoon Hello Kitty facing the toasters’ graces wherein the Sea Monkeys may come in the set of executive. Avenue Q is called the stars of the puppets classified as the puppets of googly-eyed that even grapple with the disappointment in career and mixed such credit cards with relationships failure. The part of pleasure in show that is beside the puppet sex is the real attachments’ rediscovery with the creatures like those of children as discussed by Jeff Whitty who happened t be the librettist. This may awaken the kid in us. There was no single word emerging with the phenomenon’s description but some of the few phrases in lexicon marketing may even describe some of the important aspects. Another thing is the advertisement in San Francisco   with the firm Odiorne Wilde Narraway and Partners may call with the retro brands resurgence who were among eighteen (18) to at least thirty-four (34) years olds. There are also article logos as used in order to attract more audience and Peter pandemonium as made by the Toymakers may now take the aim at kidult which was defined by the company of Italian named Kidult Games wherein most adults may take care the kid inside. The researchers at the Foundation of MacArthur study the adultolescents with the said twenty (20) to thirty (30) something’s living at home and still depended on the financial support of most parents including the emotions. Some of the marketers may court the direct rejuvenates like for instance, the mother and daughter’s friendship wherein this may ask the revived line of advertisement for such revived line of the dolls by Strawberry Shortcake while the others may speak with the soul of rejuvenate by means of simple selling to many kids. The element of Honda including the Tonka like is indeed the introduction of such mini-truck by the company in terms of dorm room’s combination with the camp’s base designated for the buyers who are younger active and was able to market at the extreme sports as well as the surfing events. The average age in terms of the Element drivers, Mr. Boyd speak about the average age of the drivers’ element with anticipation that with regards to the new definition in terms of family buyer, someone does not even want to give up the so-called character of an individual though they are indeed getting older. There is no new things discovered with regards to the reveling adults in the culture of kiddies wherein Shirley Temple, Ronald Dahl including Pee Wee Herman had plenty of fans among the adult and the researchers in market may even say that the childishness strong way may start about two years ago. The source of credibility may be used as the construction as examined in terms of social sciences wherein the recent work may found the existence of support with regards to the three dimensions as identified with work from the year 1950s through the 180s with consistent revelation in terms of two dimensions, the competence and the character including the other dimensions like for instance dynamism as founded with the broad approaches that may even equate the person perception’s in terms of credibility. You read "Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2" in category "Essay examples" Going back to Mr. Furendi may start the research may call as the cultivation of self-conscious in terms of immaturity that is after the college spotting for most students who are watching with Teletubbies in the bar of most university. The scene that may stick in mind may be able to think with the wave’s representative with infantilism that sweeps with Britain and beyond. The happening is in terms of maintenance with Mr. Furendi as the natural extreme responding to the culture of media equating to be older with being square and at the same time younger and yet being relevant. Nowadays, the way of demonstrating the worth is up to the extent in which there still rock concerts considerably groovy with the still player. But many of those who was able to fit with the best profile was able to grow up with the wearing of Sesame Street T-shirts or the skin knees of arthritic and at the same time the motor scooters insisting with the obstinate Peter Pans or the connoisseurs of the so-called kitsch. With regards to many descriptions there is such near frantic compulsion remaining to be playful, at the same time flexible and fun in the said face of realities like the mortgages that is considerably of fixed-rate or the lawn care. Like for instance, Mitch Anthony, the president of brand as well as the design firm in the Northampton, mass is indeed full-fledged adult wherein the children may be closer in full in terms of suits and the fence considerably picket costing $ 10,000. The said approach upon reaching 50th birthday, there is no absolute reason giving up most of the doing as love for the kid that still biking. The love for hanging with friends and with pleasure of talking about sex is the common things done by younger generations. Rejuvenates may absolutely reserve with the deepest respect for most adults in terms of management in terms of both taking care with the business and making time for the said playing. Response Bryan Page, the known professor of anthropology including the department’s chairman at Miami University may play the history regarding the recreation or children’s preparation moving into the roles of adult. The totality of dynamic was the reversal of such play becoming the primary purpose and at the same time value with many lives of adult. This is about the bordering of the sacred wherein the historical standpoint may be having its entire backward. Most rejuvenates may even reject the enthusiasms’ notion who are being childish in the first place like for instance the appreciation on Chipmunks in terms of recording is indeed funny during the period as discussed by Jacob Austen who is thirty-four (34) years old, known to be the writer of Chicago and the music authority by Alvin as well as the Chipmunks as part of the genre among the fans of music children with the affection called the rodent rock. Mr. Austen was able to produce the dance program among the children in Chicago with the address in public-access in terms of television saying that one of the best entertainments among the kids is indeed universal. Ironically, most kids as experienced in the actual may not even be caring lesser about the stuff which may enchant the rejuvenates and the taking of the Music Project in the Schools of Langley that is â€Å"Innocence and Despair†, with the Canadian CD the children of school with the praised by likes of David Bowie and John Zorn calling with nothing that is absolutely lesser than the music touching with the heart in such a way that there is no other music which has ever had. The focus may be the conceptions of transition to the adulthood which is absolutely different among the adults of young-to-midlife as compared with the groups of younger age. In all the groups’ age, the criteria of individualism may be most likely considered to be the important makers in terms of adulthood transition, with such specific acceptance for the actions that may even decide with the beliefs and values that may even establish in equal relationships among the parents and becoming to be in financial independency. The younger to the adults of midlife may be less likely in terms of adolescents is considering with transitions of adulthood with specific acceptance in terms of responsibility regarding one’s actions, in order to decide the beliefs and the values that establish the relationship as equal among the parents and may become as the financial independent. The adults of young-to-midlife were said to be less likely compared to adolescents considering the biological transitions and at the same time important and at the same time more likely to be emerged as part of the transition with adulthood. In all the three Groupings , the role of the said transitions such as marriage may even rank with the importance that is considerably lowest. Conclusion: The sign of being adulthood is to get married that signifies the adulthood’s attainment in terms of American society. This is considered as one of the important than the others with equal importance and perhaps none of tem with entire differently criteria’s that are absolutely different. The dependency on every perspective is to anticipate the adulthood’s transition or in the said process in order to look at the perspective of midlife. In the present study, the transition’s conceptions for adulthood may even examine the majority of American culture considered as the role of transitions in many areas like the marriage and to become a parent, the capacities of parent such as the capacity in order to give care for children and the compliance known to be normative such as the drunk driving to avoid the individuals in order to decide with own beliefs and at the same time values that includes the transitions with legal and biological aspect. The focus of this study is mainly on adulthood conception in the majority culture of most American wherein the large white and the middle class may be broad in terms of the American society setting the mostly of the norms including the standards holding the political positions including the economics and the power of intellect. This is in recognition with the American society and may even include such other cultures as being perspectives with different presentations wherein the criteria of adulthood may be used in the present study for drawing the anthropological, study in sociology including the psychological transition of adulthood learned from the previous studies made. References http://www.christophernoxon.com/index.php/cnsite/clip/i_dont_want_to_grow_up/ Rejuvenile: Kickball, Cartoons, Cupcakes and the Reinvention of the American Grown-Up, Chirstopher Noxon http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-noxon    How to cite Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2, Essay examples

Law & Society Law

Question: Write an essay on Law Society? Answer: In criminal law, the test of a reasonable person is often employed as a decisive factor for identifying the cognitive fault. This principle arises from the concern that individuals are susceptible to be subjected to legal proceedings, in case, they use force against an assailant leading to death or injury of the perpetrator. The law governing self-defense is very complicated. The law permits an individual who is attacked by another to use force against the latter but only to such extent as is reasonably necessary. An individual may require the protection of this legal defense, in case, he/ she has used force against another so as to protect his own self or somebody else or some property or for the purpose of preventing a crime. The concept of self-defense is prevalent under both common law and statute. As far as common law is concerned, self-defense is not a new phenomenon and has existed since time immemorial. At common law, self-defense enables an individual to use reasonable amount of force to; Protect his own self from being attacked or Protect another individual from being attacked or Protect property In United Kingdom, apart from the common law, Section 3(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 lays down that a person is entitled to use reasonable amount of force in order to prevent a crime. The section also permits the use of force for assisting the arrest of the perpetrators or suspected perpetrators or of individuals who are lawfully supposed to be behind the bars. In Chisam (1963) 47 Cr App Rep 130, Lord Parker CJ has stated hat in case a violent and forcible felony is attempted on another, the person who is subject to such assault or any other person who is present in the vicinity has the right to resist such force with force and in case required may also kill the attacker. Thus, we may state that self-defense allows one to use force not only to protect his self or property but also somebody else or the property belonging to somebody else. For instance, in the case of Rose the accused had murdered his father in order to protect his mother from being murdered by the father. The court acquitted the accused by applying the principle of self-defense. In the case of Hussey, the court held that self-defense may be used for protecting property. In this case, while the landlady was attempting to evict the accused, the said accused fired a gun that caused injury to the landlady. The court acquitted the accused on the ground that he was protecting his property. Use of force must be necessary In order to avail self-defense, the amount of force used must have been necessary for the given circumstances. In this context, the case of Hussain v. Hussain may be cited. In this case, burglars were beat by the defendants. The court found that while the burglars were lying on the ground the defendants were not acting in self-defense or for the defense of anybody else as the burglary was over by then, and none was in danger. The purpose behind the use of force by the defendants was not self-defense but violence, and hence the court did not allow the defendants to take the protection of self-defense. After the decision of this case, Sub-section 5A was introduced to Section 76 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, 2008. In effect, this section provides that one must apply the force that is less than reasonable in householder cases. Use of reasonable force The most important aspect of self-defense is that the use of force ought to be reasonable. In a given situation, the amount of force used is judged by applying the test of a reasonable man. If a reasonable man of ordinary prudence was placed in similar circumstance, then the test is the reaction of the reasonable man in such situation. If the accused can satisfy his actions as being conducive to that of a reasonable man in similar circumstance, then he / she is held entitled to self-defense. In the case of Cross v. Kirkby, when Mr. Cross's partner was being led away forcibly by Mr. Kirkby, he attacked Mr. Kirkby with a baseball bat. Mr. Krikby managed to get control over the bat and hit Mr. Cross forcibly leading to a skull fracture. The court awarded damages to Mr. Cross. In appeal, Mr. Kirkby argued that he had acted in self-defense. The appeal court held that although the amount of force used by Mr. Kirkby was more than average yet it is true that he was acting in self-defense. In the case of Reed v. Wastie the court found that the use of a considerable amount of force amounted to reasonable and was completely justified in the given situation where the highway was being obstructed by an abusive and violent driver. From these cases, we may deduce that the court might take time in deciding the reasonableness of the response of the accused, the accused is required to act instantaneously. In Oatridge the court held that the court is required to determine as to whether the response of the accused commemorates the amount of danger that arises from the attack. In Cousins the court upheld that threat of force might be reasonable even if there is not the actual force. Section 76(7) of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 provides guidance as to whether an amount of force used in a given circumstance is reasonable or not. The Section provides as follows; When a person acts for a lawful purpose, he/ she might not be able to determine the exact amount of necessary action and Evidence to the fact that the said person has only done what the person thought to be necessary for achieving a legitimate purpose is enough to prove that the person concerned has taken reasonable action. The Act of 2008 raises the issue of proportionality. Section 76(6) lays down that the amount of force used by an individual in a given circumstance might not be considered to be reasonable only by virtue of the fact that the said individual believed it to be reasonable if the said amount of force is found to be disproportionate in the said circumstances. However, Section 76(8) provides that the court might take into consideration while determining whether the use of force was reasonable or not. In fact, as far as the use of the reasonable amount of force is concerned, the provisions of statutes and principles of the common law are almost the same, and there is hardly any difference. Assessment of the test of reasonableness.' In the case of Owino the accused was charged with assaulting his wife by way of infliction of actual bodily harm. The accused argued that he had only used a reasonable amount of force in order to defend himself. The judge observed that it is for the prosecution to prove to the satisfaction of the court that the accused did not believe that the force he was using was reasonable. The trial court found the accused guilty. The accused appealed on the ground that the trial court has not stated that the amount of force would qualify as being reasonable upon being assessed subjectively. The appeal was dismissed. The court held that an individual is permitted to use only that amount of force as is (objectively) reasonable in the given circumstances as the said individual (subjectively) believes them to be and is not permitted to use that amount of force that thinks as being reasonable. This case has made it clear that the rule is that the court would judge the accused on the basis of the facts as the accused believed them to be, yet the courts would basically determine the reasonableness of the action of the accused. Thus, an individual is permitted to use that amount of force as he /she believes to be reasonable in the given circumstances. Conclusion From the above discussion we may conclude that reasonableness is an integral part of the doctrine of self-defense and the test of reasonableness depends upon a number of factors which vary from case to case and the provisions of the statute law as well as the common law provide enough criteria to determine the reasonableness of the amount of force used by an individual in a given situation so as to defend his own self or somebody else or any property. The Harm Principle has been conceptualized by John Stuart Mill. Mill argues that this principle governs the dealings of the society with the individuals by way of control and compulsion. In essence, the principle states that in a civilized society power may be fairly exercised over the members against their will only for the purpose of preventing harm to other individuals. An individual is not permitted to cause harm in order to promote his own good, whether moral or physical. As far as criminalization is concerned, the harm principle provides a standard for classifying acts as a criminal. Mill invariably argues that the state is permitted to act coercively only in case the impugned act causes harm to others or has the potential to cause harm to others. Meaning of Harm The term harm as used in the phrase harm principle means causing to harm to others. But the term harm has not been defined by Mill and causes a great deal of confusion. The question arises as to whether all types of harm can be brought under the purview of the harm principle? It is undoubtedly unjustified to criminalize actions, like, reading a book that others regard as offensive, name-calling, etc. Harm, per se, is a very broad term and may include to mean mental, economic or physical harm of any combination of these. By Harm Mill meant causing harm to others which means that harm caused to own self is not a criminal act. It might as well mean that the principle, in essence, does not allow the state to interfere in the private affairs of the individuals, in case, the harm is caused to oneself and not others. There are various ways in which harm may be caused to others. The nature of harm may be either mild or severe. For instance, reading of a book that others find offensive is the harm of mild nature whereas killing somebody or causing grievous hurt are the harm of serious or severe nature. Now the question arises as how to distinguish criminal and non-criminal harms. The issue is whether reading of an offensive material leads to causing of harm to another? The definition of harm includes; causing of psychological or physical injury to another or committing an evil or wrongful act. The instance of reading offensive material falls under the second category. But harm per se does not mean criminal harm and thus it is not rational to criminalize such actions that do not lead to serious harm. The first argument in this regard is that the said harm caused does not lead to the violation of the rights of the individuals, for instance, in the given instance the reading of material which is offensive to the Muslim community. In such an instance, the state must not use coercion. The second argument against criminalization of such actions depends upon the seriousness of the harm caused which is determined by harm and culpability. Thus, harms that endanger well-being of an individual alone should be criminalized. Is it justified to criminalize all actions that are per se wrong, no matter, the punishments for the harms differ depending upon the degree of the wrongful act and the harm caused? Reading materials that are offensive to others or watching offensive content are more of bad manners rather than bad morals, and it is not the responsibility of the state to correct bad manners. From the above discussion, we may deduce that in order to determine criminal harm we must look into the various types of offences individually. We must not generalize as it would lead to problems as it is not humanely possible to forecast and categorize all types of offences and formulation of a rule that covers all kinds of offences is next to impossible. Legal Paternalism and Autonomy Coercion Standoff The harm principle only talk about the harm caused to others and is silent as regards harm caused to oneself. The question arises as to whether it is justified for the state to criminalize such acts where harm is caused by an individual to his/ her own self. For instance, criminalization of attempt to suicide restricts the right of an individual to cause harm to his/ her own self. Whether the application of the harm principle in such cases would result in failure that requires the causing of harm to other individuals? In order to answer this question we must consider that when people commit acts that prima facie harm them are not committed in a state of social vacuum and that such actions do affect the people who are related to such individuals. For instance, A commits suicide who is a single parent of a five years old child. In such a case, the action of committing suicide affects the physical, emotional and financial well-being of X's son. Thus, the rationale underlying the harm pr inciple that actions that lead to causing of harm to others must be restrained becomes applicable when a person causes harm to his own self because in such a case the person is causing harm to those who are related to him. However, when such acts are committed by homeless people or the ones who do not have a family, it becomes an exception and in such cases it is not just for the state to exercise coercion to prevent commission of such actions but such individuals. The argument that does not support paternalism is that the sovereignty of an individual comes before safety when such act affects only the individual who performs it. For instance, many countries criminalize homosexuality in spite of the fact that the harm caused by such practices is not flagrant. In this connection, we may cite the United Kingdom case of Pretty v. United Kingdom 29th April 2002. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights discussed the issue of voluntary euthanasia. Mrs. Pretty who happened to be the applicant in this case, was suffering from such a disease which had an adverse effect on the control of muscular activity which impaired the proper functioning of the basic organs of the human body. Mrs. Pretty with the intention of committing suicide required the Director of Public Prosecutions to give an undertaking that they would not prosecute he husband, in case, he assists her in committing suicide. When the authorities refused to give the undertaking, she filed a case before the European Court of Human Rights with the claim that the said refusal by the authorities has resulted in violation of her right to life that in the view of the applicant is inclusive of the right to end one's life. However, the court rejected the application of Mrs. Pretty on th e ground that in the instant case, there has not been any such violation. An analysis of this case would reveal that a collision of two contrasting rights can be witnessed. These are; the right to human dignity and the right to life. In this case the issue as to whether a state can intervene in order to protect individuals from committing acts that are self-harming. Paternalism may be defined to be the coercive intervention for the purpose of protecting an individual from acts that would cause harm to such individual. The rejection of the application of Mrs. Pretty, in this case, seems to be an example of paternalism. In this context, we may discuss the provisions of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, 2008. This Act recognized a new offence; possession of an extreme pornographic image under Section 63. Under this section, possession of extreme pornographic image has been made a criminal offence. The harm principle is applicable in this case. In this case, actual bodily harm might not be inflicted by virtue of possession of pornographic images yet such images have the potential to stimulate actual bodily harm on individuals in the offline world. The internet has made it possible to possess as much pornographic images as possible which might lead to obsession and consequential commission of offences in the real world against real persons. Thus, harm principle justifies the extension of the premises of the criminal law. Conclusion From the above discussion we may deduce that the criminal law must only make provisions for protection of the individuals against harms and such matters that are concerns of private morality should not be attempted to be enforced by virtue of criminal law. Coercion may be exercised against individuals of the society only to prevent such actions that do or might lead to the infliction of harm to others and not for any other purpose. The harm principle is a significant justification behind the imposition of punishments on individuals for the commission of offences. 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