History - Enlightenment and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - Enlightenment and Modernity - Essay Example The author notes that in order to mobilize an insurrection against absolutist governments during the eighteenth century French revolution, it was necessary to enlighten minds ceaselessly, through a newspaper that would spread in all directions. The author imagined that French easily achieve the project of spreading great political principles if the intrepid friends, enlightened by liberty, could unite, communicate their ideas to each other, and compose their works some place where they could print them and distribute them throughout the world. Printing and publishing were thus not only the most important cultural mechanisms for spreading the enlightenment ideas; printing and publishing were the embodiment of enlightenment in action; the medium was the message – spreading light. The author further notes that throughout the eighteenth century, printing became the most prevalent means of communication. Gradually limitations from governments and church among other authorities fade d off, as more entities that are private begun operating businesses to cater for the rising demand of written materials. Commercialization of the printing business created new concerns about authorship and enhanced the process of enlightenment by far. In his book ‘enlightenment: Britain and the creation of the modern world’, Roy Potter explores the issue of enlightenment in respect to innovations and changes in scientific, social, political and pysio-theological discourse. According to his evaluation, enlightenment is the core thing in propagating these changes that bolster innovations to higher levels. Political and socio-economic well-being moves to newer fronts thanks to innovations motivated by enlightenment. Enlightenment thereby comes out as an avenue through which the society explores better livelihoods, equality and economic independence. Alan kors address the issue of enlightenment in the long-term, describing it as the third phase of modernization in Europe, t hrough giving a chronological account of events and moments defining enlightenment. Of great interest, is the way the author tackles issue of divergence and consensus in relation to enlightenment. The text analyses enlightenment in reference to religion, politics, science, social sciences, and imaginative literature. The emphasis here is on taunting for coexistence and harmony in diversity as a show of enlightenment. Adversary and hostility are among the negatives that enlightenment seeks to dispel from societies. Further, the author explores enlightenment in respect to public institutions and identities. Intellectual maturity of enlightenment coincided with the growth of activism and revolutions in Europe, a fact that promoted its legacy. Enlightenment comes out as a liberator for the communities that had for a long time remained in closed systems. In her text, Dorinda addresses enlightenment as a global phenomenon that preceded great social changes. Slavery and hustles for freedom are the new features of enlightenment that the author brings forth in this new edition. The fight for freedom and unceasing desire to end slavery globally take the centre stage, with the author drawing attention to how enlightening the masses induced a sense of entitlement to basic rights and freedoms. Norman Hampson argues that the dominant concern for enlightenment thinkers is amelioration, rather than root-and-branch reform, arguing that at best the

Issues in Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Issues in Homeland Security - Essay Example Based on the official report of DHS and the research of David Inserra and Steven P. Bucci, border and aviation security, illegal immigration issue, coast-guard revival, ineffective program management and departmental failure, preventing violent domestic extremism, cyber security, and insufficient research and development are the major issues, which are ranked according to the highest priority issues in the homeland security (Webster, 2008, p. 6-15; Bucci & Inserra, 2013). The DHS was formed after the attacks of 9/11 with the main objective of the country’s border and aviation security (Webster, 2008, p. 3). The border and aviation security is crucial for the integrity of the country. Considering the ongoing threat of international and domestic terrorism, enhancement in border and aviation security is the topmost concern for the DHS. Illegal immigration is another issue that is affecting the social and economical stability in the US. Various researches have regularly highlighted the direct link between growing crime rates and increasing number of illegal immigrants in the country (Bucci & Inserra, 2013). Hence, it is second most concerning issues which need to be tackled by implementing policies for current immigration laws enforcement. The necessity of coastguard revival is another priority of the DHS. According to the reports, the rate of coastguard operations has increased due to the growing threats to the US marine security and the necessit y of protecting the state’s interests in adverse conditions, such as in the hurricanes and Arctic (Bucci & Inserra, 2013). Another significant issue in the DHS is its failure to effectively utilize allocated funds and flaws in management system. It is reported that often crucial homeland security funds are invested in low-valued or unnecessary projects such as, zombie apocalypse simulation in California, or underwater robotic devices in Columbus

Mis In Your Pocket Information Technology Essay

Mis In Your Pocket Information Technology Essay The important business objectives are: Operational excellence, new products and services, Customer and supplier intimacy, improved decision making, Competitive advantage Survival. The functions of every firm revolve around all these mentioned objectives. Accordingly the applications for the achievement of these objectives should be selected. Ans1. In this case the advanced features of Smartphone (including the common ones like browser, telephone, camera, music/video player) are discussed. These applications include the use of Smartphone as a Global Positioning Device, a secure system to connect to the database of a particular organization, using tools and applications to interpret the certain medical, theorems, and other results. The other applications include its use as a networking device to remain connected with friends and employees. It is also used as an efficient and fast e-mail sending / receiving device. A large number of tools and software are also available for solving different types of problems. These applications nowadays can support almost every business activity, particularly those which demands a strict timely delivery of services and products. This accounts for developing an efficient supply chain management process, if the business demands so. Also the diversified business functions like collecting data at some place while delivering the same at other place are largely helped by these applications and those where each update/modification is to be reflected in the main database of an organization as it is further used by members of that organization. The employees and clients may be present in different offices which are located in different cities (even different countries), but with the use of such applications on these devices will never force the employees to feel any differences. These applications improve the operational efficiency as the time factor involved is reduced significantly. The work which earlier required extensive manual efforts can easily be done instantaneously by the use of these applications. This also provides more accurate and reliable outputs (compared to the manual results) which are to be used at different levels of Management Information System. This in turn helps the manager to take quick and perfect decisions which directly or indirectly will improve the operational efficiency. Thus all these applications will help the organization to achieve its goals, together with making choices. Q2. Identify the problems that business in this case study solved by using mobile digital devices. Concept: The problem solving is a continuous four step process: Problem identification, Solution Design, Solution Evaluation and Choice, Implementation. Every competitive firm must follow these steps to deal with its problems. Ans2. The use of these mobile digital devices have solved the problems, like providing a powerful and secured mean of sending e-mails and messages among the employees and the clients. The efficient communication is vital for any business activity. Problems like having a secured system which can give access to corporate internal system were also solved by use of various tools and techniques on these devices. For instance Doylestown Hospitals had problem of accessing the medical records of the patients from the different locations of the world, this was easily solved by the use of iPhone. Now the doctors can also have information on medications, lab results, therapy results, nurses notes, patient diets etc. on their iPhone screen. This directly helped the doctors to properly interpret the lab results and diagnose accurately even when they are away from the patient. Also the advanced voice communication system helped the doctors to consult with other specialists for a better diagnosis. The less secured system of authenticating the access to different data was also upgraded which now helped the doctors to store all the data on the hospitals own server. The supply chain consultant and transportation service provider D.W. Morgan improved its delivery services by the use of the services like Global Positioning System (GPS), digital signatures for the very efficient and the timely delivery of raw materials and other components. They were also able to know the exact location of the delivery trucks anytime. This was further helped by the use of Google map. Earlier it used to be very cumbersome task as it involved a great deal of manual efforts and phone calls. Aedas sport designers had the problem in collecting photos at different locations and the sending these pictures to their clients and other concerned employees. The use of iPhones helped them to create a large database of visual assets with minimal effort. They can now take the photo and can immediately send with use of these digital devices. Q3.What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit from equipping their employees with mobile digital devices such as iPhones and BlackBerrys? Concept: Systems that spans the enterprises are: Supply Chain Management Systems, Customer Relationship Management Systems, Knowledge Management Systems, Intranets and Extranets E-Business, E-Commerce, and E-Government. The use of the digital mobile devices will benefit those businesses where they can impact the above mentioned systems at one level or other. Ans3. A number of business groups can be helped by the use of mobile digital services. Particularly those, which require dealing with a handsome amount of data and information and then using various tools and techniques to properly interpret the data, are likely to benefit with the use of these technologically advanced devices. Also the businesses which require a secure and efficient communication among the employees and clients are also likely to benefit by the use of iPhones, BlackBerrys and other similar devices. These digital phones provide a secure communication channel line which will verify the authentication of the organizations employees and clients accordingly. Even some dedicated services, tools and techniques can also be developed (if required) for the different organizations. The supply and chain management business firms are also likely to benefit with the use of these devices as time plays a major role in the profits and success of the organization. This business of de livery goods/ products will now be managed in an efficient delivery and tracking methodology. This can easily be supported by the use of certain applications (software) on these Smartphones. For example the use of Global Positioning System and Google maps can help an organization to develop an efficient system. The business firms which are located globally or have their services which require a great amount of travelling will also be benefitted with the use of these devices. This will provide the employees to communicate easily as they need not to have a laptop carrying with them for video chats and conferencing. Even if they are away from the office, they can easily be communicated without affecting the business activities. They can also analyze the collected data, graphs; charts etc. on their phones and then interpret the same. Then they can easily communicate their opinions / findings back to the concerned authorities without hampering any profit making opportunity. Thus the busi ness involving sophisticated problem solving tools and techniques can also be benefited where every employee can apply all these tools easily on his own digital mobile device. Q4. D.W. Morgans CEO has stated, The iPhone is not a game changer, its an industry changer. It changes the way you can interact with your customers (and) with your suppliers. Discuss the implications of this statement. Concept: To achieve the competitive advantage the industry will judge the impact of new changes being brought on the following areas: Primary activities, Support activities, and Benchmarking and Best practices. The authorities will evaluate the performance as a whole on the basis of one or more of these above mentioned parameters. Here also, the CEO of D.W. Morgan will review the performance based on this concept and then decide whether the change was successful or not. Ans4. It implies that the use of iPhones (for D.W. Morgan) not only improved a particular sector of the organization but rather helped the organization to succeed as a whole since the complete process from collection of raw material to delivery of products was unmatched. D.W. Morgans CEO stated that the use of iPhone in the business completely transformed their old techniques and methods with the sophisticated but simple to use which changed their working methodology in a positive way. His statement implies that the use of iPhone not only benefitted a particular domain or sector of the organization but completely revolutionized it as a whole. The certain task for which its rival took 20 minutes to 12 hours can be completed by the Morgan within no time. Thus it provided an opportunity for them also to enhance or change their techniques as well. This increase in the competition will improve the quality and the technology used which will definitely produce quality services and product s. Thus the whole industry is revolutionized for a better tomorrow. As for D.W. Morgan, having operations in more than 85 countries, the use of iPhones helped a great deal to improve their just-in-time strategy with a better time management (up-to-the-minute information) of delivery trucks. Earlier the process of tracking the delivery trucks and then guiding them to the next location required a great deal of manual efforts and time but now all this was just the matter of few seconds. Also the information collection and updating process was digitalized with a date-stamp and time-stamp. This whole process kept the suppliers and the clients updated with the required information and helped D.W. Morgan to expand and make profits at a much faster pace.

Perfectionism and Athlete Burnout in Elite Sports: The Mediating Role o

Over the past few decades, American society has become more and more obsessed on performance outcomes and winning; being declared the best has become most important (Crain, 2004). Winning is often viewed as an all or nothing virtue, whereby greatness is a descriptive term reserved only for those whose names appear at the top of the list (Hanchon, 2011). This evolving mindset communicates to our youth that despite his or her efforts, only the final results matter. For many individuals the ideas of achievement, excellence, and self-worth have become highly dependent upon the perceived outcomes of the competitions or events in which they engage (Hanchon, 2011). Outperforming one’s competitors serves as the defining characteristic of success or excellence, which in turn, appears to serve as a key determinant in the individual’s self-assessment of life satisfaction (Harackiewicz, Barron, & Elliot, 1998). Sport performance is mediated by positive and negative variables; the pressure to perform for a result leads to the negative variable of higher expectations on the athlete. Stress and the pressure to perform are both contributing factors to higher anxiety levels, overtraining, and burnout in athletes (Weinberg & Gould, 2007). In some cases, â€Å"higher expectations also appear to increase the amount of stress an athlete may experience, and higher levels of stress are generally related to higher levels of state anxiety and burnout† (Jones & Hanton, 1996; Raedeke & Smith, 2001). Burnout Fear of failures, frustration, high expectations, anxiety, and other pressures to perform are all stresses identified as being related to burnout (Dale & Weinberg, 1990). Burnout has been addressed in the Old Testament (Exodus 18:17-18), in which ... ...ation and affect on elite athlete burnout susceptibility. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 32-48. Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Rose, E. (2009). Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 785-795. Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than stress? A commitment perspective. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 396-417. Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 281-306. Vallerand, R. J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: in search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology, 49, 1-13. Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D, (2007). Foundation of sport and exercise psychology (4th ed.). Chapter21: Burnout and Overtraining (pp. 489-509). Champaign, IL: Human

International Game Technology IGT Essay

International Game Technology (IGT) Introduction            The short term and long-term debt for International Game Technology as at 31st March 2014 stand at $ 1,426,400 and $ 1,760,500 respectively. The total liabilities for the company sum up to 3,186,900. This information is generated from the company quarterly report. The market value of equity of IGT is $ 3.98B and the outstanding share is $ 24M.            The debt ratio helps a company compare its total debt to total liability and equity. This ratio is used by the company to have the general notion as to the value of leverage being applied by a company. A lower value implies that the business is less reliable on borrowed funds. The less the ratio or leverage the business is applying, the stronger is the equity position of the company (Tamari, 1978). On the other hand, the bigger the ratio the higher the risk the business considered to have invested on. Debt to equity ratio is less the same as debt ratio. This is another gearing ratio that compares the business liabilities to its outstanding shareholders’ equity (Tamari, 1978). The same case with debt ratio, a lower value implies that the business is applying less borrowed fund and the better is its equity stand.            Therefore, in both case I consider these ratios too large for the IGT Company. It implies that the company is highly exposed to risk such as creditors’ lack of confidence with the company and increase in interest rates. IGT Company should consider paying off its debt. It can raise capital for paying debt by issuing more stock.            Among the three companies, IGT Company has the highest debt to equity ratio. The company may have opted for this approach in order to benefit from deductible interest tax and build the credit for the business. This approach will also ensure maintaining completely ownership of the company. The challenges with issuing large amount of stock means those shares outstanding of the company become more diluted and the current investors earn smaller ownership fraction with every extra share issued (Wiehle, 2005).            On the other hand, Multimedia Games Holdings has the lowest debt to equity ratio. It might have opted for this option in order to enables it investors raise capital without facing debt. This will allow the company owners to concentrate on making their outputs more profitable instead of paying back to lenders. Multimedia Games Holdings may have also opted for this approach to allow the company owners and investors to create a long-term association throughout the lifetime of the business. According to Wiehle (2005), the cash flow for the company will be utilized on investments instead of paying interest and outstanding debts. Moreover, this compare can be termed as a small company if you compare it with the other two companies; hence, it might have opted for this method for the fear that it will face liquidity issues and fail to pay its outstanding debts (Wiehle, 2005). References Tamari, M. (1978). Financial ratios: analysis and prediction. London: P. Elek. Wiehle, U. (2005). 100 IFRS financial ratios (1. ed.). Wiesbaden: Cometis AG. Source document

Earth Science and Society Essay

The other four major contributors to the development of modern astronomy after Copernicus are Galileo, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton. Galileo Galilei supported Copernicus’ ideas and was the one who devised the early telescope that was able to enlarge objects up to 20 times. With the use of this telescope, he was able to prove the heliocentric theory proposed by Copernicus. Tycho Brahe is a Danish astronomer who focused on developing astronomical instruments as well as measuring and fixing the position of stars accurately before the telescope was invented. Johannes Kepler focused on determining the movement of the planets and his laws paved way to the concept of orbits as planetary paths. Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation further established how planets were able to revolve around the sun and how they moved in an orbit through the pull of gravity. It took a long time to overthrow the geocentric theory because it was backed up by the church and the existing rulers at that time. Those who deviated from the beliefs of the majority were persecuted and thrown to prisons. Only a brave few stood against these people in order to prove them wrong and discover the truth. It only tells us that society doesn’t accept the truth with open arms most of the time, as it is hard to break the preconceived knowledge about things. Discoveries such as the heliocentric theory took a very long time to be accepted by the people, especially because it replaced a more divine theory that the Earth was the center of everything in the universe. Geography is split broadly into two sub-disciplines which are human geography and physical geography. Physical geography is focused primarily on the built environment and how space is created, viewed, as well has managed and handled by man, considering the influences that humans have on the space they created and occupied. Physical geography on the other hand, deals with the natural environment and how other factors like climate, vegetation and life, soil, water and landforms are created and interact with each other. Geography can be best defined as the study of the earth and its features, including everything contained in it, like the ones inhabiting the earth and the different phenomena occurring in it. Geography’s strengths mainly rely on its different branches, as it seeks to cover most concerns regarding the earth. On the other hand, its weaknesses was that it is not able to fully explain a certain field often, which is why there is a need to study other subfields of geography in order to cover for that weakness. The weather is a set of all the phenomena of a given atmosphere considering a certain period of time. This more on a short term basis, usually for hours or days say for example today it rained, while yesterday, it was just fairly cloudy. This is in comparison to that of climate, which is the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time, usually months, accounting for the seasons that we experience all throughout the year. The greenhouse effect is the process wherein there is the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere which then warms the earth’s surface. On the other hand, global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the air near the surface of the earth, because of the heat trapped by various gases in the atmosphere, as caused by pollutants like burning of fuels, smoke, and more. The two concepts are not the same, but the relationship between the two is that because of the greenhouse gases (too much of it) the heat trapped in the atmosphere increases, thus causing global warming. The effect on the environment is drastic, as polar icecaps melt, thus increasing the water levels in different parts of the world. It also changes the patterns of the environment, like the seasons, and the climates at different places. It greatly affects our lives because we might be experiencing a possible cause of species extinction, not only for the animals, but also for us human beings. Pressure gradient force is the acceleration of air due to an impending pressure difference or a force per unit of mass. This usually accelerates air from a high pressure area or region towards a low pressure region thus creating wind. The coriolis effect is the apparent deflection of moving objects when it is viewed from a certain frame of reference. The effect causes air in the atmosphere and water in the ocean to flow to the right of the direction north of the equator, thus causing the rotation of large cyclones. Frictional force is the force resisting the relative motion of two surfaces which are in contact, or a certain fluid in contact with a surface (such as air on an airplane or water flowing in a pipe. California’s Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. On the other hand, South Carolina’s humid subtropical climate is characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters. The United States have varying climates from the eastern part because of the bodies of water surrounding it. It can be explained by the El Nino, wherein large circulations of air across the Pacific Ocean breaks down, and warmer than normal waters appears in the eastern Pacific, while colder than normal waters appears in the western Pacific Ocean.

Magical Realism Essays

Magical Realism Essays Magical Realism Essay Magical Realism Essay Essay Topic: A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Third person omniscient and third person with magical realism tend to diverge in the ways that authors use them. Magical realism allows the reader to speculate about aspects of the story that arent specified by the author, while an omniscient point of view is restrictive, drawing the readers focus to specific aspects of the story, allowing little room for speculation. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings makes the free- form nature of magical realism apparent In the multiple ways to Interpret the old Nans presence, while in A Good Man Is Hard to Find; the more realistic omniscient point of view gives definitive descriptions of almost everything allowing little room for creative thought. In IA Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, very little Is presented to you In terms of clarification. You are left with an old man with large wings and a rather superstitious body of townsfolk. Then you see the townsfolk, especially Appeal and Allseed, reacting to the presence of this foreign object. Though you are given a grand scope of things with phrases Like, [t]he world had been sad since Tuesday (285), and [t]he curious came from far away (2881 you allowed to freely interpret these events as they unfold your eyes. They can also allow you to speculate about topics that arent specified within the story, such as, why is this winged man here? What purpose does he serve? Even though you get to look over a broad scope you are given the same information, or lack there of, that the townspeople are eating. None of the information you are provided with in absolute though. For instance you are given the opinion of a neighbor woman who knew everything about life and death, who says that it is some sort of fallen angel. Although the townspeople accept this information and start calling it an angel, you the author are not restricted to this. Since the source isnt absolute, the old man can be virtually anything to you. Since you are free to speculate, he is only an angel if you interpret him as one.

Lowell Whores essays

Lowell Whores essays A womans place is in the home. She should be there for her husband to feed and clothe him after his long day at work. She should be there for her children to care for them and teach them the ways of the social world. She should never venture off somewhere where her purity will be tainted and her mind and soul forever fouled. But then again, the family does need money and all the boys are already gone. Those new Lowell textile factories might not be such a bad idea. After all, the girl has been taught well and was born with natural wholesomeness that will keep her strong yet submissive. But what exactly does that mean to be strong yet submissive? It is like saying that something is fun but boring. It really makes no sense. Once someone has strengthened his/her morale, it would be very difficult to go back to that submissive fashion. Strength creates confidence and confidence allows for free speech and action. And it is those renaissance ideas a woman speaking and acting her mind that so scared every man and mentally enslaved woman that lived before the 20th century. But there was no stopping it. It was a juggernaut and it would forever change the notion of woman. Before the War of 1812, a man by the name of Cabot Lowell toured Great Britain. He checked out all the textile factories and realized what a profit he could make back in the New World. But he knew that the people of the New World were not always so accepting of the ideas of the old world. In America, people had grown accustomed to their new ways and did not want to have anything to do with any old fashioned notions. But this textile industry was not old fashioned. It was actually quite modern, and the impact that it would have in the New World would be one that was never dreamed of before. Lowell knew that women would be the best type of workforce for a textile factory. And in America, there were many farm girls...

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act

In determining who the Act is for, the definition of ATSI people must be considered. As this Act does not provide a definition, a review of prior Australian legislative and common law definitions is therefore required. The definition of ATSI people has a long and contentious history in Australia. Even today, two very different definitions are concurrently in use. One, commonly found in Australian legislation, defines Aboriginals as a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia. The second definition, a three-part test proposed in the early 1980’s by the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs, identifies ATSI peoples as being ‘of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent who identify as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders and are accepted as such by the community in which they live. ’ The first definition becomes problematic as it fails to establish the sort of evidence required to satisfy it. Advances in the field of human genetics have concluded that there is no meaningful genetic or biological basis for the concept of ‘race’. The second definition presents its own problems, which arise when the Aboriginality of the community doing the accepting is thrown into question. Subsequent case law has further developed the definition of ATSI people, for example in Gibbs v Capewell (1995), Justice Drummond stated that ‘the less the degree of Aboriginal descent, the more important cultural circumstances become in determining whether a person is Aboriginal’. In Eatock v Bolt [2011], Bromberg J considered the extent to which each criteria in the three-part test needed to be deployed, stating that: â€Å"For some legislative purposes and in the understanding of some people, compliance with one or two of the attributes of the three-part test may be regarded as sufficient. † The currently favoured three-part definition may be considered an advancement over earlier colonial definitions of ATSI people, which comprised of derogatory terms such as â€Å"nobel savage† or â€Å"prehistoric beast†. The fact remains however within in Australia, only ATSI people are required to prove their identity. Furthermore, it is Australia’s legislature, comprising of mainly non-ATSI representatives, who are tasked with defining ATSI people, rather than ATSI peoples themselves. Who will benefit The question as to who this Act will benefit requires an examination of what the Act aims to achieve prior to the conclusion of its two year ‘sunset provision’, as well as the longer term aims to which the Act is directed. Parliament has acknowledged that the Act is only an interim step towards recognition of ATSI peoples in the Constitution, and that the Act is not intended to be a substitute for constitutional recognition itself. The Act provides for the recognition of ATSI people as Australia’s first occupants, acknowledges their continuing relationship with their traditional land and waters, and acknowledges ATSI people’s culture, language and heritage. The Act does not create any material or economic benefits for ATSI people. Rather, it aims at building political support for Constitutional reform. As the Australian Founding Fathers paid no attention at all to the position of the Australian aboriginal race, the Act may be of some benefit to the emotional wellbeing of ATSI people as it formally acknowledges their cultural heritage. However, due to the section 5 of the Act, which causes these to cease two years after its commencement, any such benefit will be temporary. Furthermore, as Parliament must hold a successful referendum to effect any Constitutional change, there remains a possibility that Parliament could fail to generate enough support for the amendments it proposes. In that case the Act would have been little, if any, lasting benefit. As Parliament is yet to propose any amendments to the Constitution, it remains unclear who will benefit in the longer term. PART B: Provisions to Bind Future Parliaments The Act provides a process for progressing constitutional recognition of ATSI people into the future. Section 4 (1) of the Act provides that the relevant minister must conduct a review of support for a referendum to recognize ATSI people in the Constitution within 12 months of the commencement of the Act. As the Act commenced in February 2012, and a Federal election is due for the same year, it is likely that this provision will take effect after the election. The question of whether this provision is binding on future Parliaments requires an examination of whether the Parliament has the power do so, and if it does, under what circumstances. Parliamentary Sovereignty Parliamentary sovereignty represents one of the twin pillars of British constitutional law, along with the rule of law, identified by the influential nineteenth century jurist, Alfred Venn Dicey (1835-1922). Dicey defined Parliamentary Sovereignty as essentially being â€Å"the power of lawmaking unrestricted by any legal limit† which gives Parliament â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law; whatever†. However, unlike the United Kingdom, the Australian Parliament is constrained by the Commonwealth Constitution and is therefore not absolutely sovereign In theory, there is a necessary limit to sovereignty. If Parliament were absolutely sovereign to pass any law whatsoever, it could pass laws limiting the power of its successors, and parliamentary sovereignty would be short-lived. In Australia, the general rule is that Parliament is not bound by a previous Parliament. This was supported by the majority in Kartinyeri, who concluded, as Brennan CJ and McHugh J put it, that â€Å"the power to make laws includes the power to unmake them†. Each new Parliament is therefore free to create new laws afresh. The notion that Parliament is not bound by prior legislation is further supported by the doctrines of express repeal and implied repeal. The doctrine of express repeal works on the proposition that a later act of Parliament can be enacted which expressly and clearly repeals an earlier act in its totality. The doctrine of implied repeal states that certain sections of an earlier act maybe accidently or impliedly repealed where the provisions of an earlier act are inconsistent with a later act. The Act in question is not binding of successor Parliaments, and may therefore be amended or repealed as Parliament sees fit. Manner and Form Provisions Australian Parliaments have on occasions sought to affect the power of their successors by imposing special requirements for the passing of some laws. These requirements, known as ‘manner and form’ provisions, are restrictive procedures. They restrict the legislative powers of the Parliament by requiring that laws on certain topics may only be enacted by a special and more difficult procedure. Probably the most common manner and form provision is the referendum requirement whereby, before royal assent is given to the bill, it must be approved by a majority of the electorate. Such a provision reconstitutes Parliament by adding an additional chamber, the electorate. This would provide a difficult hurdle for any future Parliament as only 8 of 44 referendums have been successful in Australia’s history. Although Parliament has not drafted this Act in a way which restricts its amendment or repeal, Parliament could do so by inserting manner and form provisions for this purpose. PART C: The Expert Panel Prior to drafting the Bill, the Federal Labor Government established an Expert Panel on constitutional recognition for ATSI people. Throughout 2011, the Panel engaged with thousands of Australians through submissions, consultations and meetings, to hear the views of a wide cross-section of the Australian community. In January 2012, the Panel published its report where it provided recommendations on the possible forms of constitutional recognition, along with constitutional amendments relating to racial non-discrimination. Constitutional background to this legislation The Australian ‘founding fathers’ paid no attention at all to the position of the ATSI peoples. The Constitution as originally framed in 1901 provided for the exclusion and the discriminatory treatment of the ‘aboriginal race’. There were only two references to ATSI people in the body of the original Australian Constitution: (a) Federal Parliament was denied power to make laws with respect to people of â€Å"the aboriginal race in any State†; and (b) Section 127 provided: â€Å"In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted. † The 1967 referendum, which did away with the discriminatory references in s 127 and amended s 51 (xxvi) to allow Parliament to make laws for ATSI people, was intended to be in the best interests of the Aboriginal people. However, in the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998), which was the legal climax of a long political controversy, the majority of justices said that ‘for’ does not require the Parliament to legislate beneficially. The outcome meant that the Australian Parliament were empowered to enact laws that would not only benefit ATSI people, but also discriminate against them. And so, while the 1967 referendum made well-intentioned symbolic changes, the overall legal effect was that the discriminatory attitudes of the Constitution’s founders were retained. One of the principles agreed to by the Panel for its assessment of proposals for constitutional was that a proposal must be of benefit to and accord with the wishes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It could therefore be argued that an Expert Panel, comprised not only of lawyers but prominent ATSI community members, carefully scrutinising the legal ramifications of any proposed constitutional amendments, will make it less likely that constitutional recognition would have unintended outcomes for ATSI people (as in Kartinyeri). Furthermore, Megan Davis, a member of the expert panel, stated that constitutional recognition – whether amendment of a race power or a non-discrimination clause – does not foreclose on the question of sovereignty. The above findings by the Panel, along with its widespread consultation with ASTI people, will undoubtedly play a significant role in addressing the concerns the Australia people may have in relation to the proposed referendum. [ 1 ]. Dr John Gardiner-Garden, Defining Aboriginality in Australia (3 February 2003) Social Policy Group . [ 2 ]. Ibid. [ 3 ]. See, eg, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 (Cth). [ 4 ]. Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Report on a Review of the Administration of the Working Definition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (1981), Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, cited in J Gardiner-Garden, The Definition of Aboriginality: Research Note 18, 2000–01 (2000) Parliament of Australia, 2. [ 5 ]. See above n 1. [ 6 ]. J Graves, The Emperor’s New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium (2001) Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. [ 7 ]. See above n 1. [ 8 ]. 54 FCR 503. [ 9 ]. FCA 1103 (28 September 2011). 10 ]. Michael Dodson ‘The End in the Beginning: Re(de)finding Aboriginality’ (Speech delivered at the Wentworth Lecture, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1994). [ 11 ]. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 (Cth) s 5. [ 12 ]. Explanatory Memorandum, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Bill 2012 (Cth). [ 13 ]. Above n 11, s 3. [ 14 ]. Geoffrey Sawer, ‘The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigine’ (1966) 2 Federal Law Review 17. [ 15 ]. Australia Constitution s 128. [ 16 ]. Ibid. [ 17 ]. Above n 12. [ 18 ]. Sarah Joseph and Melissa Castan, Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View (Thomson Reuters, 3rd ed, 2010) 3. [ 19 ]. A V Dicey, The Introduction to The Study of the Constitution (Macmillan and Co, first published 1885, 1889 ed). [ 20 ]. Ibid. [ 21 ]. Above n 21. [ 22 ]. A Reilly, G Appleby, L Grenfell and W Lacey, Australian Public Law (Oxford University Press, 2011). [ 23 ]. Ibid. [ 24 ]. 152 ALR at [13]. [ 25 ]. See, eg, Vauxhall Estates, Ltd. v. Liverpool Corporation [1932] 1 KB 733. See also Ellen Street Estates Ltd. v. Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590 at 597. [ 26 ]. Ibid. [ 27 ]. Above n 24. [ 28 ]. Tony Blackshield and George Williams, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials (The Federation Press, 5th ed, 2010) 440. [ 29 ]. Ibid. [ 30 ]. Gerard Carney, ‘An Overview of Manner and Form in Australia’ (1989) 5 QUT Law Review 1. [ 31 ]. Ibid. [ 32 ]. Above n 32, 1340. [ 33 ]. Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians, Canberra, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution: Report of the Expert Panel (2012) . [ 34 ]. Geoffrey Sawer, ‘The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigine’ (1966) 2 Federal Law Review 17. 35 ]. Asmi Wood, ‘Constitutional Reform 2013: What are we trying to achieve? ’ (2012) 37 (3) Alternative Law Journal 156-160. [ 36 ]. Law Council of Australia, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians, Discussion Paper (2011) 19. [ 37 ]. Australian Constitution s 51 (xxvi). [ 38 ]. Above n 18, 484. [ 39 ]. 195 CLR 337. [ 40 ]. Pet er Hanks Deborah Cass, Australian Constitution Law: Materials and Commentary (Butterworths, 6th ed, 1999). [ 41 ]. Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1, 110 (Gibbs CJ). [ 42 ]. Above n 35, 158. [ 43 ]. Above n 33.

Ethical Theories & Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethical Theories & Stakeholders - Essay Example An organization exists in the society, for the society and cannot have an existence independent of the society. Moreover, the organization has responsibility towards all the stakeholders that are directly or indirectly affected by the conduct of the organization or the employees (Joyce, 2005). Problem statement Top management involvement is essential to build a strong ethical culture within an organization (Clement, 2006). The issues before Veronica are to ascertain if the company policy permits action against such issues. Besides, as a director, she has responsibility towards the stakeholders. She is also morally bound by duty to act in the interest of the maximum number of people. If the demands of the shareholders, stakeholders, consumers and the investors are not met, it can adversely affect the brand image, customer retention, and overall business (Robinson, 2002). Ethical theories & Stakeholders The stakeholders The stakeholder theory holds that managers are obliged to serve al l those who have a â€Å"stake† in the firm (Marcoux, 2000). Initially the stakeholders included the Big Five – the employees, the owner or the shareholders, the customers, suppliers and the community in which the firm operated. The other twin stakeholders include the government (who has the responsibility to ensure that the firm complies with all regulations) and the competitors (who keep the company conscious of the developments and help avoid unethical business practices. The purpose of the firm itself is to serve and coordinate the interests of all the stakeholders (Joyce, 2005). Great Builds is a multinational engineering company and has to ensure that the interest of all the stakeholders is taken care of. Employees are the greatest stakeholders as they constitute the firm and contribute to the firm. Employees have the fundamental right to liberty and safety within the workplace (Greenwood & Cleri, 2005). Customers are only interested in reliable supply of goods a nd services but more recently they have become conscious of dealing with ethical firms. The suppliers demand timely payments and long-term relationships and the community expects safety and security. In the case of Great Builds the most affected by unethical practices would be the employees, the customers and the shareholders. The competitors could be positively affected if the performance of Great Builds suffers as a result of the CEO’s behaviour. Categorical Imperative According to Immanuel Kant duties cannot be associated with self-interest or rewards and payoffs (Carrigan, Maronova & Szmigin, 2006). Moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality known as â€Å"Categorical Imperative†. However, chances are these standards are desire-based on instrumental principles of rationality (Stanford, 2004). The moral philosophy goes beyond that of a human slave to passions. Kant emphasizes that there is a self-governing reason in each individual which guides the pe rson in a rationale decision-making process. There has to be motivation by duty or motivation by respect for law that governs actions. Thus, Kant states that the fundamental principle of our moral duties is a categorical imperative. The word imperative urges us to act in a particular way. The Categorical Imperative is derived from two maxims – objectivity and respect for all persons (Kitcher, 2004). The maxim of objectivity states that the act is right if

IOM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IOM - Assignment Example When the country is equipped with such a big number of professionals, it becomes much easier to satisfy the diverse needs of clients throughout the nation (DeWit 322). The acquisition of a baccalaureate degree is of great value because it can improve the standard of healthcare in the country. Therefore, it should be implemented by bringing the public and private sector together. First, the health care organizations within the country should urge all the nurses with diploma and associate degree qualifications to enroll for a baccalaureate degree program upon the completion of their courses (DeWit 319). Besides, both the public and private funders should be ready to work as a team. They should allocate enough funds to support bac ­calaureate programs. This would enable many nurses to enroll for it. Last, but not least, the U.S. Secretary of Education, Health Resources and Services Administration and other agencies should avail loans and grants for the nursing students who are willing to pursue baccalaureate degree programs. These would make it much accessible to them whenever they need

Writing to solve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing to solve - Essay Example Increased exercise and workout can result in reducing critical health issues such as obesity. Herein, it should be noted that United States is well-known all around the world as an obese nation. A large budget is spend every year for spreading awareness concerning obesity. Access to public parks can allow the government to cut down on the cost that is being accounted because of the increased prevalence of obesity in United States. Furthermore, as per the recent evaluation, it was observed by the American Journal of Preventive Medicine that if people are given access to areas and activities for physical exercise then the rate of obese people can be reduced to a high extent. At the same time, there were other results noted as well. It was observed that people who had access to public parks were able to regain their energy and remained active in their daily routine. Similarly, various researches found out that children who live closer to Public Parks are more inclined towards making physical activity their routine activity that allows them to maintain their weight right from the early age (Garvin, 2011). However, the critical aspect is that despite increased awareness concerning access to public parks and its impact of health, very few communities in United States have access to the parks. As per the statistical underpinning, the issue of lack of public parks is evident in urban areas of United States. Talking in general about New York City, less than 1.5 public parks are available per 1000 citizens. It is due to this condition that people ignore the significance of undertaking daily exercise. Also, low-income citizens are not able to afford expensive memberships of gyms (Maron, 2013). The major issue or barrier that has been noticed in the planning of public parks is the increased parking lots that take up a lot of area in urban areas such as New York City. Therefore, it is suggested that the high towers such as Corrigan

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Performance Management - Essay Example Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organization.† (Heathfield 2009). The main objective of performance management rating is to identify the performance level of each employee on the basis of some criteria. Here performance management rating scale for a front line employee is discussed. There are so many methods available for the evaluation of the performance of an employee. The best method which can be applied in this case is Paired Comparison method. Under this method a front-line employee is compared with each other front-line employees. The criteria that can be used for the comparison are communication skill, preventability, team work, quality of the work, dedication etc. The person who conducts performance management rating will be supplied with number of slips. Each of which contains a particular rating criterion and also the names of two employees. The rater marks across or in front of the name of the employee who is better than the other with regard to the given criteria and that employee will be given one point. The employee who got the highe st number of points is considered as better than others and ranked accordingly. This can be explained with the help of an example. Consider there are four employees namely A, B, C and D and criteria used is, say, interaction with customers. Here A is compared with B, C and D. How A is compared with B is shown below. Here A gets one point as he is better than B with regard to the criteria namely interaction with customers. In the same way A is compared with C and D. Same process is done with other employees also. There should be a continuous feed back from employees and also meeting should be conducted as and when required. Answer: Performance appraisal helps the organization in taking

Cars Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cars Safety - Essay Example Insurance companies sell their policies on the commitment towards "hassle-free claims". However, when approached in case of accidents, they take advantage of customers ignorance and get away with meager reimbursements. In that case a little knowledge and know-hows of insurance laws takes care of under-estimation of our loss in accidents. Most likely, the insurance company gives first party coverage, under which both properties are insured, and third party coverage, which covers other people and their property involved in car accidents with you. It is advisable to go through the policy papers thoroughly to understand the extent of cover-up of loss [1]. Regardless of your initial research, there will always be confusion and ignorance about certain rights, hence it is very important to follow the guidelines set by insurance firms (such as reporting to them about accident in a given set of time) and do some estimation of the loss incurred by you. This estimation will help get approximate picture of amount that should be covered by insurance company. Most people accept whatever the agents assert as the compensation money and do not give it a second thought. However, the insurance agents try to finalize the claim at a much less amount. Therefore, a prior working knowledge of insurance claims greatly helps towards the cause. And as a last minute advice, please do not give an autograph on any paper given by agents, without having complete account of what it means. Trust me; the signatures are not for a scrapbook entry. Be on the safer side, drive carefully. 2. Did you know that many car accidents are caused due to drivers playing with the radio while driving The next time you try doing multi-tasking while driving, keep the facts and statistics on car accident in mind: Every 12 minutes, one person dies because of a car accident. Every 14 seconds, a car accident results in an injured victim. So in order to ensure we are not the ones contributing towards such facts, it becomes important to follow some safety instructions that ensure safety of driver as well as the passengers travelling with driver. The driver is a responsible person since life of everyone sitting inside a car is in drivers hands. In every accident case, it comes to light that one or the other safety step was not taken/considered or even ignored in some extreme cases. Simple preventive measures like wearing seat belts, acknowledging speed limits and using horn/lights effectively go a long way in ensuring safe traveling experience. As an extreme step, car manufacturers should start installing features like computerized announcements to wear seat belts, the reason being the el evated extent of damage in accidents in which seat belt was not worn by drivers [2]. According to the car accident statistics released by the United States Department of Transportation's (USDOT's) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), there were almost 43,000 deaths in 2002 because of car accidents, and the car accident fatalities for the year 2003 stand at 42,643 [2]. Not using safety belts increased the likelihood of injury by 119 percent for young women, 164 percent for middle-aged women and 187 percent for older women [3]. The

J.C Penny New Challenges in the Changing Workplace Research Paper

J.C Penny New Challenges in the Changing Workplace - Research Paper Example J.C Penny experiences the challenge of attracting and retaining highly experienced knowledge workers, including, engineers, physical and computer scientists. Particularly, J.C Penny has had to struggle with increased labor turnover among the knowledge workers. Nevertheless, J.C. Penny has been aggressive in developing strategies for effective management of these knowledge workers. Firstly, J.C. Penny continues to provide effective reward systems that ensure that the knowledge workers are satisfied and motivated towards ensuring organization success. Secondly, J.C Penny provides intensive and specialized training for the knowledge workers with the aim of improving their effectiveness, productivity and ensuring that their skills do not become obsolete due to the highly dynamic technological environment. Another contemporary challenge that J.C Penny faces is the management of contingent and temporary employees within the workplace. Griffin (2012) defines contingent employees are those working for the organization in under different employment arrangements other than full-time or permanent basis. The biggest challenge for J.C. Penny is striking a balance between permanent and contingent workers, and designing differential reward and incentive strategy for these set of employees. J.C Penny has however implemented a number of strategies for effective management of contingent and temporary workers within the organization. Firstly, J.C Penny engages in careful planning before engaging and integrating these employees within the workforce. Secondly, J.C. Penny engages in continuous assessment and evaluation of the costs and benefits of engaging these employees before reaching major decisions on the composition of the human

Cars Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cars Safety - Essay Example Insurance companies sell their policies on the commitment towards "hassle-free claims". However, when approached in case of accidents, they take advantage of customers ignorance and get away with meager reimbursements. In that case a little knowledge and know-hows of insurance laws takes care of under-estimation of our loss in accidents. Most likely, the insurance company gives first party coverage, under which both properties are insured, and third party coverage, which covers other people and their property involved in car accidents with you. It is advisable to go through the policy papers thoroughly to understand the extent of cover-up of loss [1]. Regardless of your initial research, there will always be confusion and ignorance about certain rights, hence it is very important to follow the guidelines set by insurance firms (such as reporting to them about accident in a given set of time) and do some estimation of the loss incurred by you. This estimation will help get approximate picture of amount that should be covered by insurance company. Most people accept whatever the agents assert as the compensation money and do not give it a second thought. However, the insurance agents try to finalize the claim at a much less amount. Therefore, a prior working knowledge of insurance claims greatly helps towards the cause. And as a last minute advice, please do not give an autograph on any paper given by agents, without having complete account of what it means. Trust me; the signatures are not for a scrapbook entry. Be on the safer side, drive carefully. 2. Did you know that many car accidents are caused due to drivers playing with the radio while driving The next time you try doing multi-tasking while driving, keep the facts and statistics on car accident in mind: Every 12 minutes, one person dies because of a car accident. Every 14 seconds, a car accident results in an injured victim. So in order to ensure we are not the ones contributing towards such facts, it becomes important to follow some safety instructions that ensure safety of driver as well as the passengers travelling with driver. The driver is a responsible person since life of everyone sitting inside a car is in drivers hands. In every accident case, it comes to light that one or the other safety step was not taken/considered or even ignored in some extreme cases. Simple preventive measures like wearing seat belts, acknowledging speed limits and using horn/lights effectively go a long way in ensuring safe traveling experience. As an extreme step, car manufacturers should start installing features like computerized announcements to wear seat belts, the reason being the el evated extent of damage in accidents in which seat belt was not worn by drivers [2]. According to the car accident statistics released by the United States Department of Transportation's (USDOT's) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), there were almost 43,000 deaths in 2002 because of car accidents, and the car accident fatalities for the year 2003 stand at 42,643 [2]. Not using safety belts increased the likelihood of injury by 119 percent for young women, 164 percent for middle-aged women and 187 percent for older women [3]. The

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay Example for Free

A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay Over the last few lessons in drama we have been working on a number of tasks to do with Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire. These tasks involved using movement as well as words; some were naturalistic and others were much more abstract. Our first task was to walk like different characters from the play, focusing on the way they used certain parts of their body to show their personalities. First we had to walk like Stanley. Most of us walked with a confident swagger, sticking our chests or pelvises out to indicate his masculine pride. When we were asked to sit down in character, we sat back in a relaxed manner, opening our legs and perhaps loosely crossing our arms or draping them over the back of our chair, indicating total self-assuredness. Next we were asked to play Blanche. I decided to portray her as a fidgety person, constantly smoothing her clothes, fixing her hair or touching her face, to show her insecurities and lack of confidence. I also walked with short, dainty steps, to show how fragile and slight she is. When we sat down, I leaned forward slightly, with my shoulders slightly hunched, to show her vulnerability. Finally we were asked to portray Stella standing upright, slightly tense as if waiting to heed to Stanleys latest demands and Mitch big, awkward, slightly more hunched and less confident-looking than Stanley. After this task, we were asked to depict Stanley and Blanche as animals. For Stanley, nearly everyone acted like a wolf or a fox strong, territorial, sly, always hunting and watching. For Blanche, I chose to act like a small bird, which would preen and look pretty but would be fidgety and nervous and would fly away when frightened. Our next task was to get into groups and act out scenes taking place before the play begins, which would reveal something interesting about our characters. I was in a group with Emily, and we were told to act out a scene from when Blanche and Stella still lived at Belle Reve. Emily played Stella and I played Blanche. Our scene began with Blanche climbing through the window of the room she shares with Stella, late at night. Stella, who has been studying, admonishes her for being so late and tells her how worried she has been. Blanche, who has been drinking but claims she limits herself to one, has just met a young man who reads poetry, who, as we know, will later commit suicide. It is revealed that Stella is the clever sister, who has the potential to make something of herself, and Blanche is the wilder, worldlier sister who relies on her beauty to have fun. This explains why Stella left Belle Reve and had the ability to get a husband and a home of her own, and why Blanche was left be hind, unwilling to grow up and surrender her beauty. Millie and Genna also played Blanche and Stella at Belle Reve. Their scene involved Blanche taking Stella out on the town for the first time. Blanche is very domineering and worldly, and Stella is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and nervous about the shortness of her dress. Stella wears white, showing her innocence, and Blanche wears red, showing her corrupted virtue. Jack and Owen played Mitch and Stanley. They gave Mitch a deep personality, having him hint about wanting to settle down with a wife and worrying about his mother. They also showed Stanleys love for Stella, as he talks about her in a very loving and tender way to Mitch. Next Felix and Flick, playing Stanley and Stella, showed how Stella was very like Blanche when she first met Stanley, unused to this more working class environment, yet being excited by Stanleys attentions. Finally, Angelika and Hugo, playing Stella and Stanley, show Stella as being naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and Stanley being mysterious and inquisitive, trying to figure her out . In our next task we did Hot Seating. One by one, we were asked questions in character about our views on different events in the play. I chose to be Eunice, because although she is not a main character in the play, she is good friends with Stella and her husband is friends with Stanley, and she lives in the flat above them, so she would have a very clear idea of what life would be like for them. I chose to give her the opinion that Stanleys hitting Stella isnt good, but is acceptable, and is just a part of marriage that cannot be avoided. I was particularly impressed by Emilys portrayal of Stella after having her sister taken away. She made it clear that Stella was heartbroken, and although she claimed to believe Stanley, she let on that she had no choice but to believe him. I also liked Alex as Blanche, gushing and acting pleasant and sweet to try and cover up her past, but when difficult questions were brought up her act fell and she would refuse to talk about it. Our final task was to act out the scene where Blanche has been stood up by Mitch on her birthday and use freeze-frames to mark the most important moments in that the scene. I was in a group with Felix and Alex. Felix played Stanley, Alex played Blanche and I played Stella. The moments we marked were: Stanley throwing plates off the table; Stella and Stanley on the porch with Blanche on the phone, trying to reach Mitch; Stanley giving Blanche a ticket back to Laurel; and Stella going into labour. For each of our important moments, we froze in position for four seconds, before doing an action and moving onto the next moment. There were subtle differences between each groups piece; instead of using an action, as we did in ours, Millie, Flick and Jack used an important line of text in each of their moments, which I found very effective. Although I found these tasks challenging (especially as I knew we were on camera), I enjoyed interpreting different characters in new ways. I also worked with different people to whom I normally would, which was a good experience and made me enthusiastic and eager to work with them again in future lessons.

Child Labor in Lebanon

Child Labor in Lebanon Since many years, child labor has been a serious problem that a lot of organizations were trying to deal with. In fact Lebanon is one of the countries suffering from this issue, especially in poor surroundings of the main cities and in rural districts. According to Kofi Annan(1999), Child labor has serious consequences that stay with the individual and the society for far longer than the years of childhood. Young not only face dangerous work conditions. They face long term physical, intellectual and emotional stress. They face an adulthood of unemployment and illiteracy. Few human rights abuses are so widely condemned, yet so widely unnoticed For these purposes Im against child labor, and I think its the responsibility of the government to help working children. According to UNICEF response to child employment, Child labor is reported as one of the social problems in Lebanon. There are about 3163 children aged 10-13 years that work in Lebanon, while the number of those looking for work in this age group is 1947. These represent respectively 1.2% and 0.7% of the total population in that age group. On the other hand, there are 28786 working children aged 14-17 years and 9525 of that same age group looking for work, representing 10.9% and 3.6% respectively of children in that age group. The region of North Lebanon has the highest proportion of working children with respect to the two age groups 10-13 years and 14-17 years. It is followed by the region of Mount Lebanon, then Beirut, Beqaa and the South. Overall, the districts of Tripoli, Minyeh, Akkar, Baabda, Baalbeck, Zahleh, Saida and Tyre have about 80% of working children aged 10-13 years. In the North, working children are found mostly in the districts of Tripoli, Akkar and Minyeh (91-97% of working children in this region). In the region of Mount Lebanon, the districts of Baabda and Metn have the highest proportion of working children. More specifically, the poor urban neighborhoods of Bab Tebbaneh in Tripoli, Bourj Barajneh in Baabda and Bourj Hammoud in Metn are the worst affected areas in these districts.(UNICEF, 2008, p.1-2) Many children are working 6 days a week and more than 10 hours a day in hard fields especially like agriculture. According to ILO(International Labor Organization office in Beirut): Children are working hard for price of 7 dollars a week sometimes which is unfair. Employer s are interested in hiring teenagers and children under eighteen because they are cheaper especially when their profit are less than expected. Employer does not care about the feelings of the young youths they, keep mistreating them by giving them choirs they cannot handle. Walid a young child living in Tarik al jdideh (Beirut), is a ten year old boy working in a garage. Walid works from 8 am till 6 pm fixing cars and get paid 10 dollars per week. Walid is always complaining of the hard work he is supposed to handle, and from the maltreatment of his boss. Walid is one proof that working children are suffering in Lebanon. Most of these kids are boys, maltreated in several cities and villages in Lebanon whereas they are forced to carry heavy loads, handle chemicals, marble cutting, selling items on roads under bad circumstances and in farms where they are exposed to pesticides. Children laboring in gardening may also be constrained to assemble tobacco, sugar cane, and other crops where they will be subjected to equally harmful conditions. Moreover, kids are obliged to use dangerous machinery, handle toxic chemicals without protective gear; they are also confronting sexual abuse or slavery, especially girls that are sold from their parents to earn extra money. Most of these kids are working in very bad conditions affecting their health, living differently from a normal kid and risking their future. Racha is a good example of a teenager who was forced to depart from her house in the village to work as a housemaid in the industrialized Aley district. Rasha had been raped by the man in the house after several temptations made by him. Sexual abuse of working boys and girls is a crime that will proba bly destroy the life of the young youths. (Alami, 2007, p.1-2) Many children are dropping out from school and leaving their education in order to work and give money for their parents. The learning level of laboring kids is too small comparing to the learning level of the labor force in all areas in Lebanon. The percentage of uneducated worker in the labor force in Lebanon is about 49%, this percentage is 95% concerning children working aged between 10 and 13 years and 84% of those age between 14 and 17 years. (UNICEF, 2008). Yusuf a 12 years old guy who works now in agriculture, is a good example of many kids who left school early and started working. It is the right of the children to get education and go to school instead of that they are facing problems that pushes them to leave school and start working. Many young kids lose their ambitions in order to work and help their fathers. It is unfair for children to drop out from school as their future will be ruined, they will have to work the same work they are working today not having a bachelor degree they wont be able to go further in their lives. It is also unfair for them to miss all the joy of the school days. School days are the best days of a child life as he meets friends in school, develop relations, and learn how to interact with others. School is a basic time needed by the children before getting to the large world of work. (Alami, 2007, p. 2-3) Somehow child labor has a big influence on the society. When the number of working children increases the number of non educated adults will increase, children will be the future of the societies. A society of non educated society is a rural society where people have no respect for each other. You can see that these kinds of societies are the societies where more problems happen, where no one understand the other, and where the neighbor kill his neighbor. As we said before the number of working children is bigger in rural countries of Lebanon like Tripoli, and Bekaa, effectively these are two countries that are full of problems as we see on the news every day. Problems always happen in Tripoli between the people living there; in the Bekaa also car steeling and crimes are very often. Education pushes the society to a higher level, and since education is absent between young working kids their society will be on a lower level than others. Poor societies are societies where most kids st art working early. Such societies will always be poor as no one will get educated enough to get a suitable job. So a main problem of the poor societies in Lebanon is child labor. (Schmitz Traver Larson, 2004) The opposing point of view is the one of the parents of the children and the employers who hires children. Parents when in need oblige their kids to go and get a job in order to make money. Some parents think that their oldest son should leave everything and go to work to help his brothers and sisters. This is common in most Lebanese areas as we see in most families the older son suffers from lack of education. These parents also think that their children are born to serve them and to help them get money to live more comfortably. Some parents that they were also working in very early ages of their life would let their children work in purpose that they will be stronger and more experienced and might be able to easily go over hard situations they may face in the future. Other parents might sell their daughters by saying that they will get married sooner or later so why dont they sell them and earn high revenue of money. Employers also say that they are hiring children who came freely to get work and they are not doing something wrong so they can profit of the low salary these children get which make the cost of the products less and they will be in fewer prices in the market so all the people will also profit. We can see that most restaurants in Lebanon hire young boys for the delivery choirs for example and for serving clients etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Personally I think its very wrong for the parents to let their kids work at young age especially if they work under the supervision of abusing bosses. Kids are suffering in their work as they work in dangerous chemicals and pesticides. Kids have the rights to learn and live their childhood happily and safely. Some employers are criminals because they abuse children; such employers should be caught and arrested because of their actions against children who are so weak to say no or to protest against their parents and bosses. Finally Child labor is a wide problem that should be regulated especially in Lebanon. Children are suffering in their work, dropping out from school early, and infecting the whole society. I think government should work on reducing the number of working children, and to control the hours of work and the salaries. By fixing these issues working children will have better work situation, better opportunities by going to school, having normal life like every teenager should get. It is their right to learn so they can become successful persons in their societies.

The Argumentr Regardingf The Decriminalization Of Cannabis Essay

The Argument Over the Decriminalization of Cannabis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of Americans choose the same issues as the most threatening to the nation. Invariably among these one will see â€Å"drugs† as a major concern of most Americans. There is speculation that this is due to a perceived association between drugs and crime (Inciardi 1). A good deal of the argument over government policy towards drugs centers on the least unhealthy and most socially accepted of the illegal drugs, marijuana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana, scientifically known as Tetrahydrocannabinol, belongs to its own group among other legal and illegal drugs. It is neither a narcotic, such as heroin, nor a stimulant, such as caffeine or tobacco, nor a depressant, such as alcohol. The cannabis plant is thought to have grown originally in Asia, though it was also discovered upon the settling of North America. Its leaves, when smoked, instigate physiological reactions. When the active chemical in cannabis, THC, enters the bloodstream through the lungs and reaches the brain, it triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that induces pleasure (Gettman). This causes several effects upon the user, such as increased sensitivity of the senses, a dry mouth, the inability to keep a train of thought, and fits of laughter, among others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cannabis remains a legal though partially restricted substance in several countries. The Netherlands, for example, has mostly decriminalized cannabis. Portugal and Spain recently partially decriminalized the possession and use of recreational cannabis. However, in the United States, the possession of cannabis or any paraphernalia is expressly illegal. While no major legislation has been proposed to decriminalize the recreational use of cannabis, the United States government has commissioned several studies regarding the properties of cannabis and its effects, and also has considered bills permitting the medicinal use of marijuana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cannabis was prevalent in America for much of the 18th and 19th centuries. Many apothecaries and doctors proscribed medications containing cannabis. Until 1941, cannabis was part of the United States pharmacopoeia. However, in the early 20th century, public opinion swung and cannabis was characterized as an evil and ... ...a will certainly continue longer than that. However, the fact remains that a drug recognized as physically safer and more beneficial than nicotine and alcohol has caused millions of imprisonments, billions of federal dollars, and several lives. However, we are only left to wonder if the prohibition of marijuana today will one day seem as trivial is our prohibition of alcohol was during the early 20th century. Works Cited Baggins, David Sadofsky. Drug Hate and the Corruption of American Justice. Westport, CT : Praeger, 1998. Fish, Jefferson M. How to Legalize Drugs. Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson, Inc., 1998. Gettman, Jon. â€Å"Physiological Effects of Cannabis Consumption†. The Medical Feasibility of Marijuana. 8 Dec. 2000. Whitman College. . Gieringer, Dale. â€Å"NORML Report on Marijuana Prohibition†. National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Homepage. 8 Dec. 2000. NORML. . Inciardi, James A. The Drug Legalization Debate. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, 1999. Rubin, Vera. Cannabis and Culture. The Hague : Mouton Publishers, 1975.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

In the beginning Communism seemed to the people of Russia as a utopian ideal. The promise of the elimination of classes, of guaranteed employment, "The creation of a comprehensive social security and welfare system for all citizens that would end the misery of workers once and for all." Lenin's own interpretation of the Marxian critique was that to achieve Communism there would first have to be a socialist dictatorship to first suppress any dissent or protest. Through coercive tactics this new government seized power and in 1917 Lenin came to power. Under his "rule" Russia underwent radical changes in it's economic doctrines adopting a mixed which was termed the New Economic Policy, also referred to as NEP. This economy called for some private ownership of the means of production, but the majority of industry was made property of the people, which meant the majority of the means of production was controlled by the government. Lenin's government made many achievem ents. It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Tsarist military system and established institutions in government. During this period, censorship and the subordination of interest groups such as trade unions was imposed to stop dissension and increase conformity to the new government policies. After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin quickly gained control of the Communist party and the oppressive reforms started by Lenin were continued and at length became completely totalitar...

A safe seat for lightweight vehicles

The Working Group on Accident Mechanics has developed a low mass vehicle (LMV) with a curb weight of 650 kg, called â€Å"Cratch†. This experimental vehicle demonstrates that a high level of passive safety for the occupants of low mass vehicles is achievable in frontal collisions (Frei 97). The development of a car seat suited for use in LMVs has been a part of this project. The seat is an important element of the restraint system: In the case of a frontal crash, the initial position of the occupant is defined by the contour and position of the seat, and, during the crash, a part of the occupant's kinetic energy is absorbed through deformation of the seat base. In rear-end impacts the seat represents the entire restraint system. During a collision against a conventional car, the low mass vehicle, due to the fundamental laws of motion, is exposed to higher accelerations and a larger change in velocity than its counterpart (Niederer 93). The seat presented here was specially adapted to these severe conditions. Nevertheless, almost every feature of the concept could easily be adapted for use in conventional cars. The main focus of the development was on the improvement of the rear-end impact safety, which represents a substantial problem, also for conventional cars. Compared to the considerable improvements of crash safety in frontal and side impacts accomplished during the last years, progress concerning the rear-end impact safety has somewhat stagnated. This may be related to the fact that rear-end crashes are often considered to be less dangerous, since there is a very high surviving probability for the occupants. In spite of this, it is very worthwhile to invest in rear-end impact safety since injuries caused by this collision type do not only cause high amounts of compensation costs but also can have very unpleasant consequences to the occupants involved. Energy absorption In addition to the functional mock-up, two crash-testable models of the seat have been built. They were used in the Cratch experimental low mass vehicle in a full scale frontal crash test with a delta-v of more than 70 km/h, and in a series of sled based rear impact tests. Figure 4: The crash test model of the seat: raw structure and completed seats integrated into Cratch low mass vehicle. Seating position is more upright as in conventional cars. The requirement for a geometrical adaptability for the spectrum ranging from the 5th to 95th percentile occupant alone is not sufficient; the energy absorption capabilities of the seat must also be made suitable for the whole group. This means that the seat must deform softly enough not to exceed tolerance limits for light persons but must also provide enough deformation space for heavy occupants. Since the amount of prototypes was limited, e.g. more than one test per seat specimen had to be performed, the seats had to be reusable, leading to a rather robust and heavy construction. Seats for ‘real world' use do not have to fulfil the reusability requirement, allowing for a less heavy construction. The seat has been designed to withstand an sled impact speed of 33.3 km/h. This corresponds to a situation in which a standing low mass vehicle is hit on the rear end by a conventional car of twice the weight travelling at 50 km/h. Based on a force-deformation curve of an existing car and an assumed characteristic for the Cratch (which has not been rear-end impact tested) an acceleration-time curve for the Cratch has been calculated and simplified for use in simulations and sled testing. The maximum acceleration level is 30 g. Since it is known that cervical spine injuries can already occur at much lower loads, impact speeds of 22.2 and 11.1 km/h have also been taken into account for the design of the seat. The corresponding acceleration levels for these speeds are only 20 and 12 g, because in these cases impact energy is considerably smaller and the deformation zones of the cars are not deformed to a degree that higher forces (leading to higher accelerations) are built up. In order to find suitable stiffness characteristics for the different energy absorbing units of the seat, a simple computer simulation model was used in which the occupant is modelled by four independent masses. Realistic results with such a model can only be expected in case where there are no, or very little translational displacements between the body parts. For our purposes, this is not a real disadvantage, since the aim is to find a setting wich results in a minimum of relative translational deformations (at least in the upper body regions). In a first step, the model was verified through comparison with a well-tried rigid body simulation program. Unfortunately, there is no model of the cervical spine available yet that is able to exactly mimic the behaviour of a human neck. Figure 6: Simplified rear-end impact model of occupant and seat, used for computer simulation. The deformation characteristics of the paddings have been evaluated by dynamic impact pendulum tests. Energy absorption is performed both by foam paddings and by rotational yielding of the seat back. Yielding is controlled by a deformation element, which consists of a three point bending beam made of aluminium. The yielding moment is 3000 Nm. During loading, the element builds up deformation force in the elastic range only gradually. This is undesirable as it causes a faster backward movement of the head restraint in the first phase of the collision. Bolts have therefore been integrated in the construction to obtain a deformation characteristic that sooner reaches its energy absorbing level. The bolts shear off during the onset of the yielding process and cause higher forces at the beginning of the deformation process. The replaceable deformation elements are the only structural parts of the seat that are supposed to absorb energy. Energy absorbing properties of other load bearing components are irrelevant. This means that the seat concept and the choice of material for the realisation are almost independent of each other. The centre of rotation of the yielding back rest is positioned relatively high above the seating level. Yielding of the back rest is thus delayed and an earlier contact between head and head restraint is obtained. Because the pelvis is already in contact to the back rest at the beginning of the crash, no considerable relative velocities between the pelvis and the back rest arise during impact and therefore little deformation space is needed in this region. The acceleration levels of the different body parts are mainly influenced by the stiffness characteristics of the foam paddings. The paddings have to be chosen such that relative movements between head, neck and thorax are minimised. A combination was found that works adequately under the conditions mentioned above. Even with an automatically adjusted head restraint, for comfort reasons there will remain some initial distance between the head and the head restraint, causing a delay of the acceleration of the head in comparison to the thorax. A layer of a very soft foam applied in the thorax region reduces the acceleration of the thorax in this first phase of the impact (Muser 94) and thus helps to synchronise movements of the head and the thorax (as tests by Svensson (96) have shown). Assembly of energy absorbing foams in the seat back. A hard foam type (Woodbridge Enerflex) and two softer foams (Dow) have been used. Empty spaces in front of protruding structural components prevent excessive compression of foams and increase of forces in these regions. Renault is hoping supermini buyers will be ‘Vel Satisfied' with the look of the new Clio, which is revealed by Auto Express with this world exclusive spyshot picture.The distinctive supermini borrows its bold front-end styling from the controversial Vel Satis, and is charged with storming straight to the top of its competitive market sector when it goes on sale in the UK in September priced from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7,500. Destined to go head-to-head with the forthcoming Ford Fiesta and the still-secret Peugeot 107, the radical Clio will boast an innovative new range of engines and gearboxes. These include direct-injection petrol and diesel powerplants, and new CVT transmission plus a revised five-speed manual. Both the three and five-door editions will be available from launch, and the duo will be instantly identifiable from the existing cars thanks to bold new headlamps and an aggressive grille. Wing mirrors, sills and side rubbing strips are also revised, as are the edges of the bumpers, which now blend into the slippery lines more effortlessly. At the rear, revised lights share centre stage with a huge Renault badge. And in keeping with company policy, the manufacturer's name will no longer appear on the bootlid. Major interior changes will place greater emphasis on safety. It's thought that the Clio will now include curtain airbags, following the lead set by Vauxhall's Corsa, and it will aim to gather the full five stars in the revised Euro NCAP crash-test series. Equipment levels, too, are expected to be more generous than at present, and will probably include satellite navigation for the first time. Keyless start, as fitted to the Laguna (see photo) and Vel Satis, will not feature, however. The engine line-up will be largely familiar to buyers of the current Clio, as the powerplants are among the newest in the business. The company used to have a reputation for poor-quality, outdated motors, and so has worked hard to transform its entire range into the most sophisticated in the business. First in the line-up will be a new 1.2-litre 16-valver offering 75bhp and class-leading fuel economy, followed by the 98bhp 16v 1.4-litre. The top-of-the-range luxury Clio will be powered by the 1.6-litre unit which features 110bhp, while the 172 tuned by Renaultsport will continue to use the fire-breathing 2.0-litre engine – ensuring it keeps its place at the top of the hot hatch tree. Renault will also keep pushing its diesels, which are enormously popular in mainland Europe. Two options will be available, both based on the company's state-of-the-art new 1.5-litre dCi oil-burner, with either 65bhp or 85bhp. Gearbox choices will be limited to a five-speed manual and a conventional auto at first, although the firm is experimenting with Nissan's acclaimed CVT automatic from the current Micra. Renault's own ‘Easy' clutchless manual was dropped due to slow sales and is unlikely to be revisited. Of course, the new look isn't only reserved for the mainstream models. Renault's stylists have also interpreted it for the fire-cracker hot hatch, the Renaultsport 172. And our spy photographers were able to bring you an all-round tour of the model which must uphold the honour of the craziest hot hatch on the market today. Inside has been treated to a mild spruce-up. You can clearly see new metallic-effect sports trim on the facia, and Renault insiders say that there will be revised specification levels for the UK. However, the main architecture remains unchanged. Visually, the new face has a meaner stare, with an aggressive front airdam that's open rather than fluted. The deeper rear valance comes with an air-vent groove beneath the bumper line. New five-spoke alloys, a chunky Renault logo on the tailgate, colour-coded side-rubbing strips and a new slash of silver trim complete the picture. As you can see, the styling tweaks lift the Clio's profile slightly upmarket, giving it a more mature and sensible image – but don't be fooled†¦ The tuned 2.0-litre four-cylinder 16-valve engine remains one of the most entertaining hot hatch motors of its kind, and the power output will stay at 172bhp, guaranteeing the same performance. However, if enthusiasts were hoping that the wildest hot hatch ever – the Renaultsport Clio V6 – would get the same changes, they'll be disappointed. As it's such a specialised, low-volume machine, it is remaining unchanged throughout its lifetime. Not that we are complaining! Something as anti-establishment as the Clio V6 isn't about to appear dated just because the car it was loosely based on has had a subsequent facelift. Of course, the standard model's fresh look is designed to keep the Clio riding high in the sales charts until an all-new successor arrives in 2003. This will share its platform and engines with the next Micra, although they will have different interiors and styling to reflect their diverse characters. On the whole, these latest revisions to the range look set to keep interest levels bubbling away for the already successful Clio family. And what's more, the timing couldn't be better, as there is a whole host of new metal lurking on the horizon†¦ With the likes of the stylish MINI here this summer, a Fiesta replacement being unveiled in September, the next-generation Peugeot 106 and Citroen Saxo due next year and Volkswagen's Polo arriving in 2003 as well, the Clio must face up to some stiff competition. But by welcoming its baby to the latest family look, Renault is out to prove that it hasn't only been concentrating on larger products such as the Laguna, Avantime, Vel Satis and next Espace. There's more than enough fight left in the supermini – especially as insiders say that the update won't affect the pricing strategy.

Sports Psychology

Sport Psychology Athletes in today’s society are bigger, stronger, and faster than ever before but they still share the same goals as their predecessors, climb to the top of their sport and be crowned champion. Unlike in previous generations, the â€Å"game† is no longer just a game, it’s a booming business. Major League Baseball alone boasts a three point seven billion dollar a year industry.In this new generation of big business, how do athletes cope with the pressure of grossing fifteen million dollars a year and performing in front of twenty thousand screaming fans packed into Madison Square Garden or seventy-two thousand fanatical â€Å"Cheese Heads† at Lambeau Field? One of those answers is with sport psychology. But one answer leads us down a convoluted path with many other unanswered questions. This paper will define sport psychology and identify where it come from. It will also discuss the objectives of sport psychology and how are they applied.Th e final topic will describe sport psychologists do. According to the sport psychology program at San Diego State University, sport psychology can be defined as â€Å"the study of people and their behavior in sport and exercise contexts†, or â€Å"the effect of sport itself on human behavior†, or â€Å"a field of study in which the principles of psychology are applied in a sports setting. †(SDSU, web para. 1) How did we arrive at this definition? The history of sport psychology can be divided into five periods dating as early as 1895 to the present.The first period is from 1895-1920. Norman Triplett, a psychology professor at Indiana University, was the first researcher to confirm that bicyclists sometimes rode faster when they raced in groups or pairs than when they rode alone. Following Triplett’s work in 1899 is E. W. Scripture of Yale. Scripture believed that a certain set of personality traits could be fostered through participation in sports. In 1903 , G. T. W Patrick wrote an article for the â€Å"American Journal of Psychology† that stated attending sporting events allowed fans to release pent-up emotions.We wrap up the early era with Coleman Griffith. Griffith began informal research of basketball and football players in 1918. His research led to the second period of sport psychology named in his honor, the Griffith era. The Griffith era of sport psychology begins in 1921 and runs into 1938. Coleman Griffith is considered the grandfather of North American Sport Psychology due to his contributions during this period. Between 1921 and 1931, Griffith published over twenty five research articles relating to sport psychology.Griffith was also appointed as the director of research in athletics at the University of Illinois in 1925. The focus of the department was psychomotor skills, learning, and personality. The largest accomplishments of Griffith come in 1926 and 1928 when he wrote Psychology of Coaching and Psychology of Athletics respectively. We close the Griffith era when Phillip Wrigley hires him as sport psychologist for the Chicago Cubs in 1938. The third and fourth periods of sport psychology are by far the slowest developing time for the new science.This portion begins in 1938 when Franklin Henry of the University of California, Berkeley established the psychology of physical activity graduate program. The forties and fifties were rather stagnant but we arrive in Rome, Italy for the first World Congress of Sport Psychology in 1965. Following the World Congress gathering is the first annual North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) conference in 1967. NASPSPA closed the door on the fourth period in 1974 when they published the proceedings of their conference for the first time.Our current period in sport psychology is considered the contemporary period. The first event of the contemporary period was the establishment of the â€Å"Journal of Sport Psyc hology†, which is now known as â€Å"Sport and Exercise Psychology†. One of the most monumental steps was during the 1984 Olympic Games when American television emphasized the role that sport psychology played in premier athletic training. The US Olympic Team hired its first full-time sport psychologist in 1985. The trend continued in 1986 as The Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP) is established.The AAASP began to publish their official journal in 1989. Finally, the AAASP began to award the â€Å"certified consultant† designation in 1991. Now that we know what sport psychology is and where it began, we can attempt to determine the objectives of sport psychology. The first basic objective in sport psychology is to learn how psychological factors shape a person’s physical performance. The second objective is to comprehend how participation in athletics affects a person’s psychological health, development, and well-bein g. With those two objectives in mind, how do we actually apply them?First off, there are a number of reasons for sport psychology, and for every reason, there is a distinct group of people who are using sport psychology to their advantage. With that said, let’s move on to those reasons. The first reason for sport psychology is probably the most obvious, the pursuit of excellence by athletes. Simply put, sport psychology plays a vital role in how athletes train. Next is the enormous salaries paid in professional sports today. A 24 year old college graduate being drafted by a professional sports team is suddenly a very wealthy person overnight.Most people need assistance in transitioning to that kind of lifestyle. Our third reason is the undisputable fact that the recognition gained by athletic competition is huge. Most children cannot tell you that the current Vice President of the United Sates is Dick Cheney but could tell you who Alex Rodriguez or Ron James are, who they pla y for, and what position they play. The final reason for sports psychology is what is known as the fitness movement. The phenomena can be dated back to the fifties where fitness was beginning to be sold as a way of life.It is safe to say that fitness is a way of life. The television can confirm this as it is filled with ads that include sports drinks and home exercise equipment. What groups is sport psychology for? We can start with our children when we let them play tee ball and pee wee football and work all the way through senior citizens taking aerobics classes at the nearest community center. We can also include our novice intramural softball leagues on the weekends all the way to our elite professionals and Olympians competing on the world stage.Applying sport psychology techniques to most of the different groups in sports is very basic. The most popular group for sport psychologists are coaches, teachers, fitness trainers, and elite athletes. Coaches, teachers, and fitness tra iners receive basic reinforcement and motivation training to help them get their teams to perform. Our elite athletes however have a full scope of services offered to them. Most professionally owned sports teams have a team of three to four sport psychologists assisting the organization. It can be considered a type of insurance policy on their investment.Let’s discuss how this â€Å"insurance policy† work for the pros. Sports psychologists handle many issues depending on the sub area of sport psychology in which they certified. The two basic areas are clinical sport psychology and educational sport psychology. The less traveled path of these is the clinical approach. These specialists are licensed psychologists and primarily deal with severe emotional disorders. Examples of these are athletes with eating disorders and substance abuse. The most common area of sport psychology is the educational side.Educational sport psychologists have been trained with a sport science background. This type of psychology is considered the mental coach approach. The goal of these psychologists is to assist coaches and athletes with shortcomings in their confidence level, dealing with performance anxiety, and improving concentration skills. Educational sport psychologists are typically employed by professional sports teams. These psychologists are not certified in clinical psychology and usually refer athletes with more sever disorders to a clinical psychologist.With sports and exercise such a big part of today’s society, there comes a need for a field dedicated to the psychological aspects of sports and exercise. Sport psychology has grown from an accidental study of cyclists to a science that can identify what athlete performs better and why. This paper has defined what sport psychology is and where it started. I have also covered the objectives of sport psychology and how they are applied. Finally, I covered what sport psychologists do. The next time you s it down to watch a professional sports contest you can ask yourself if this athlete is mentally prepared to perform today.WORKS SITED American Board of Sport Psychology. http://www. americanboardofsportpsychology. org/ Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. http://www. aaasponline. org/ Martin, Scott. http://www. coe. unt. edu/martin/KINE5121/5121intr. htm University of North Texas. 2004 SDSU sport psychology http://www-rohan. sdsu. edu/~psyched/index. html Street and Smith. â€Å"For a handful of sport psychologists serving teams, a mind is a terrible thing to overlook†. Street and Smith’s Sports Business Journal. http://www. mwiop. com/perf_consult/articles/sport_a. html December 1999.