Roles of the Medieval Queen Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Roles of the Medieval Queen - Assignment Example Regent Queens participated in the feudal assemblies of the kings together with some of the vassals (Shahar 146). In addition, they also made judgments in their area of governance and discussed both economic and political issues. Various conditions certified a medieval queen role during the period the fall of the Roman Empire end (476 AD) and approximately (1500 AD). The specific conditions included being a king’s wife, the position of a retired queen and as an heiress with specific birthrights. Additionally, the one would ascend to the position of medieval ruler given the relationship with the king and his advisers. A queen or empress consort was a wife to a reigning emperor or king. A queen consort shared the king’s social status and rank, which allowed her to exercise feminine powers over servants in the palace. She supervised the servants to ensure that they performed their chores (Shahar 151). The consort queen also had a role in a dowry to the king and, acting as his helpmate. A consort queen would also play a part in the church by raising money to build them. A consort queen also motivated church reforms and gave moral support to people in the kingdom. However, the roles of a queen consort in the kingdom were limited because she did not usually share king’s full Regent military and political powers (Lecture notes). A Queen Regent was a monarch who ruled a kingdom in her rights. She was not a wife to the king. The Queen Regent acquired and exercised sovereign powers over the Kingdoms she inherited from the previous king (lecture notes). She ordered the military, got into negot iations and partook agreements with other kingdoms as she deemed fit. The Queen also took charge of the throne through primogeniture. As the firstborn daughter without brothers in the royal family, she had rights to inherit the kingdom from her parents. For instance, Queen Melisende born in 1105 acquired the kingdom of Jerusalem from her father, King Baldwin II, during her early 20s.   The queen died in the year 1161 at the age of sixty years after serving on behalf of her father.

Johnson & Johnson Essay Example for Free

Johnson Johnson Essay The situation of Johnson and Johnson ethics came about in October 1982, Tylenol, a leading pain killer in medicine in the United States of America. At that particular time the company faced a tremendous crisis of seven persons reported dead in Chicago after taking the extra strength Tylenol capsules. After wards it was reported that the an unknown person suspects put 65 milligram strength of deadly cyanide into the Tylenol capsules, 10000 more than that what is required to kill a human being. It was the most important issue of this case. (Wolnik, 1984). This particular situation occurred at the time the product reached the shelves. The medicines are removed from the shelves infected with deadly strength cyanide and exactly kept in the same shelves, so that no one can able to understand. The whole thing went wrong from there itself . It badly affected the company because Tylenol controlled 37% of its share with revenue of about $1. 2 million. Immediately after this cyanide poisonings Tylenol market share went down to seven percent. (Fearn-Banks, 2007) The three ethical important issues that the company has taken is that of (a) had to make a decision to create an awareness by public announcement about the consumption of the product. Also the Johnson and Johnson company was faced with the dilemma of the best way to deal with the problem without destroying the reputation of the company and its most profitable product. The very important decision was taken by the company is that they a step of protecting the people first, and (B) second, McNeil consumer products, as subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson immediately conducted a product recall from the entire country which amounted to about a loss of $100 million dollars and 31 million bottles . Also they have halted all the advertisement of the product. But it was sure that the Johnson and Johnson company was not responsible for the tampering of the product they assumed responsibility by ensuring public safety first and recalled all of their capsules from the market. (c) In fact, in February of 1986, when a woman was reported dead from cyanide poisoning in Tylenol capsules, Johnson Johnson permanently removed all of the capsules from the market. Based on the ethical (fair) issues, what are the principal realistic (sensible) options available to the decision makers? The principal realistic options available to the decision makers is to re- introduce the product into the market by applying the ideas that are listed below, First, the product was removed from the market and the Johnson and Johnson company had to come up with a campaign to re introduce the product and bring back the confidence back to the consumers and as well as to the doctors. Second, Tylenol products were re-introduced containing a triple-seal tamper resistant packaging. It became the first company to comply with the Food and Drug Administration mandate of tamper-resistant packaging. Furthermore, they promoted caplets, which are more resistant to tampering. Third, In order to motivate consumers to buy the product, they offered a $2. 50 off coupon on the purchase of their product. They were available in the newspapers as well as by calling a toll-free number. Fourth, to recover loss stock from the crisis, Johnson Johnson made a new pricing program that gave consumers up to 25% off the purchase of the product. (Mitchell 1989). Fifth, Over 2250 sales people made presentations for the medical community to restore confidence on the product. (Fearn-Banks, 2007) Finally the considered judgment that has taken by the Tylenol Company is the best because it has the reason Tylenol reacted so quickly and in such a positive manner to the crisis stems from the companys mission statement. On the companys credo written in the mid-1940s by Robert Wood Johnson, he stated that the companys responsibilities were to the consumers and medical professionals using its products, employees, the communities where its people work and live, and its stockholders. Therefore, it was essential to maintain the safety of its publics to maintain the company alive. Johnson Johnsons responsibility to its publics first proved to be its most efficient public relations tool. It was the key to the brands survival. (Wolnik, 1984) In my opinion the ethical priorities and the right commitments of the organization are discussed below: 1. A system has to prepare that will allow to respond to the emergency- Although emergencies are unexpected by nature, and one can make a list of the predicted problems and implement a plan to possibly deal with them. For example, a good idea is to hold a brainstorming session with influential members of the organization to identify events that might bring unfavorable publicity. 2. A policy has to develop by each company that they should have a set of policies or guidelines to deal with emergencies. When asked by the media what the companys policies are about a certain situation, your spokesperson should be able to answer firmly. This assures the public that the companys employees are reliable and knowledgeable. 3. It is always necessary to create a crisis management team that will assign certain individuals to be fully knowledgeable about the companys policies and who are efficient in problem solving to deal with emergencies. The right commitment will be to appoint a team leader, a spokesperson to deal with the media, team members to deal with the victims and emergency officials, and others to guide the staff and volunteers. 4. To assemble and to organize resources one should make sure to have up-to-date information to be able to react immediately without having to do extensive research. The resources include: lists of contacts for team members, volunteers, staff, as well as emergency officials such as police, hospitals and the fire department. (Baum, 1996) 5. TO analyze the situation and gather all the facts the safety and the security have been restored, to gather the information of the incident and begin thinking of a solution to the problem. It is not necessary to blow the problem out of proportion before gathering all the facts. 6. It is required to assign the team member to personally and kindly contact the families of those involved to inform them about the situation. 7. Communicate with the media: The only way for your affected publics to be informed is by watching or listening to the media. Therefore, it is your duty to inform the media outlets as soon as possible about the situation. The above few points according to me are the right choice to boost the right commitment of the organization. References: Baum, Neil Zablocki, Elaine; 1996; Take Charge of Your Medical Practice Before Someone Else Does it for You ; Jones Bartlett Fearn-Banks, Kathleen; 2007; Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach; Routledge Wolnik KA, Fricke FL, Bonnin E, Gaston CM, Satzger RD. 1984. The Tylenol tampering incidenttracing the source. Anal Chem; 56:466A-8A, 470A, 474A.

Woodstock 1969 :: essays research papers

When the word "Woodstock" is mentioned, what do you think of? Perhaps you think of the little yellow bird from the Peanuts cartoons, or maybe you think of a small town in New York. However, you also might know that Woodstock was the largest and most famous of all rock festivals. The Woodstock Music & Art Festival took place on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, August 15th, 16th, and 17th, 1969. As you can imagine, a concert like Woodstock would have had to be planned very carefully. It didn’t just happen. Four young partners Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kornfeld, and executive of Capital Records, and two venture capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, created Woodstock. Their original plan had been to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in the Catskill Mountains, which had become a rock center. To promote the idea of the studio, the four partners decided to stage a concert, which they called Woodstock. Naming it after the town in which it was originally going to take place in. It started out as a moneymaking venture a rock concert, pure and simple. An attempt to duplicate or maybe even surpass the success of Monterey Pop, which attracted 50,000 people two years earlier. The Woodstock Festival was expected to attract 50,000 to 100,000 people. In the town of Woodstock, local residents became fearful about the possibility of a hippie invasion. The location was changed from the village of Woodstock, to the town of Wallkill, then finally to a farm at White Lake in the town of Bethel. The name was retained. They rented a 70 acre field from a prominent local dairy farmer, Max Yasgur, who owned land about 48 miles from Woodstock, in Bethel. Days before the festival, Upstate New York was ready. The city, county and state officials knew what to expect, and felt confident in their abilities to handle traffic, crowd control, sanitation, medical emergencies, and any unexpected problems. Finally, the day before the official opening, traffic jams up to 20 miles long blocked most roads leading to the area. On August 15th, the first day, the management was unable to monitor the estimated 400,000 or more people, and decided to abandon attempts at ticket taking because hundreds of thousands of people simply climbed over fences. For three days, the small town of Bethel, was the state’s third-largest city, with an estimated population range between 300,000 and 400,000 people.

Canadian Club Whisky Marketing Portfolio

MKTG 111 Group Portfolio Assignment Canadian Club Whisky December 9, 2011 Table of Contents Introduction3 Overview3 Strategic Analysis4 Recommendations5 Competitive Analysis8 Target Market Analysis9 Positioning Statement and Positioning Map10 Marketing Communications Analysis15 SWOT Analysis17 Bibliography18 Introduction The popularity and worldwide success of Canadian Club can be attributed to more than just its great flavour. Review of key marketing components has given an all around understanding of the thought process involved in ensuring the success of this company.These components include, the analysis of the product, pricing, competition, target market, position within the market, distribution, marketing communications, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). Overview Overall, Canadian Club’s marketing operation is effective, drawing from its classic image. The product’s target market is primarily males, aged 25-35, living in urbanized regions, with an $80,000 to $100,000 salary. Canadian Club offers a smooth taste with the industry standard potency in comparison to its competitors. The product is priced slightly below average at $24. 0 for 26 oz (LCBO, 2011). In Canada, it is mainly distributed through Crown corporations and is available at any licensed establishment, along with its competitors. Canadian Club has promoted itself as a classic beverage for mature, yet adventurous adults and has focused a great deal of attention on its unique history, in advertising and promotions. The marketing efforts of Canadian Club are unique to their competitors and have resulted in world records, including the world’s longest running international advertising campaign, and the world’s longest running promotion (Canadian Club, 2011) (Hide-A-Case, 2011).As a result of this, Canadian Club has seen an increase in sales and attention in the media. Strategic Analysis The face of Canadian Club has changed drastically over the p ast number of decades. It has fallen from its position as premium liquor to a cheaper alternative. The distribution of Canadian Club does not differentiate from its competitors due to legal restrictions and is available anywhere that liquor is sold in Canada. What sets Canadian Club apart from its competitors, however, is the price. Canadian Club is of high quality, yet their prices are set low.This gives the impression that it is of poor quality, which is damaging to the brand. Whiskies like Jack Daniels and Jameson have been successful with marketing their brands as the â€Å"cool† whiskies. Jack Daniels gained popularity after it became the drink of choice by the men of HBO’s Entourage, a show that depicts the glamourous lives of current celebrities. Canadian Club is beginning to see a comeback as a result of their sponsorship with motorsport events and illuminating their history as the whisky of choice in the 1920’s (Canadian Club, 2011).In addition to this, Canadian Club has also had the world’s longest running international advertising campaign (â€Å"The Adventure Series†) as well as the world’s longest running promotion (â€Å"Hide-A-Case†), which make their marketing efforts unique to their competitors (Canadian Club, 2011). Recommendations Canadian Club is on the right track with their recent work, highlighting their history. With television shows like Boardwalk Empire and Mad Men (both of which have promoted Canadian Club), past era themes are at the height of their popularity.This promotion can spark a new interest in people seek a similar image of old-time class (Kent, A, 2011). In the â€Å"Damn Right, Your Dad Drank It† Campaign, Canadian Club has promoted the whisky as the preferred drink to the consumers’ fathers. This promotion was very successful in bringing Canadian Club back into the spotlight in advertising. On the whole, their approach to bringing â€Å"old-school† bac k, has proven to be very successful and should be continued (Damn Right, 2009). Originally marketed as a premium liquor, Canadian Club now sets their pricing below average of liquor industry.In taste tests, Canadian Club has surpassed competitors like Crown Royal and Jack Daniels and its price should reflect this. By Marking up its price from $23. 40 for a 26 oz bottle to approximately $30. 00, consumers will observe Canadian Club to be of higher quality and value. It is highly recommended that nothing be changed about the product itself. In order to maintain its classic status, the bottle, labeling, flavour, and production process should remain true to its original state. Changing the bottle and labeling of Canadian Club may also result in being poorly received by current customers and Canadian Club may lose sales.As a result of strict Canadian liquor distribution laws, there is very little that can be done or can be recommended in terms of determining the placement of Canadian Clu b. Canadian Club is available in any licensed store and most bars across Canada (LCBO, 2011). To establish a future customer base, creating and promoting a unique new cocktail menu featuring Canadian Club as the cocktail base would be effective. There have been many Boardwalk Empire inspired cocktails created with Canadian Club Whisky, that can be made up into a small booklet, sold with a 26 oz bottle of Canadian Club.Some of these drinks include the Boardwalk Manhattan, the Tea-Totaller Teaser, and the Top Hat (Loughlin, C, 2010). Teaming up Canadian Club and HBO’s Boardwalk Empire with a new contest promotion would work beneficially for both parties. A four-day trip to Atlantic City, the setting of Boardwalk Empire, as well as the location where Canadian Club was smuggled into America during Prohibition would be an excellent promotion. This would encourage fans of both, the television show and the whisky, to participate, while also reaching out to potential customers.While it is common to find winter bundles, Canadian Club should make summer themed bundles as a way of promoting it as more than just a â€Å"cold weather† beverage. With new mixed drinks that are incorporating Canadian Club, it is recommended that they create bundles that include merchandise like t-shirts, baseball hats, and aviator-style sunglasses. Canadian Club has been granted royal warrants of Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, King George V, King George VI, and Queen Elizabeth II (Canadian Club, 2011). Creating an advertising campaign, reflecting on this would be effective.The campaign could go in one of many directions. For example, they might choose to use classic imaged with Canadian Club bottles superimposed nearby, or by using attractive, royal-themed artwork, depicting Canadian Club as a drink fit for royalty. Canadian Club has received a great deal of attention from their unique and long-running Hide-A-Case promotion. With still a number of cases that have been hidden a round the world, still unfound, there should be more marketing efforts to draw attention to this with more clues, and possibly, additional hidden cases. Competitive Analysis Target Market AnalysisTarget Market Profile| Categories| Variables| Typical Breakdowns| Geographics| Region| Ontario, British Columbia| | City or census metropolitan area (CMA) size| 1,000,000-4,000,000| | Density| Urban| | Climate| Cold, warm| Demographics| Age| 25-35| | Gender| Male| | Family size| 1-2, 3-4| | Stage of family life cycle| Adult single, adult married, no children, young children| | Income| $80,000-$100,000| | Occupation| Professional, managerial| | Education| College/university graduate| | Ethnic background| Caucasian, Asian, African-American, Hispanic| | Home ownership| Own home, rent home|Psychographics| Personality| Adventurous, mature, extraverted| | Lifestyle (Goldfarb Segments)| Fun, social, easy-going, friendly| Behaviouristics| Benefits sought| Entertainment, relaxation, socialization| | Usage rate| Medium user| | User status| Regular user| | Loyalty status| Medium-strong| Positioning Statement and Positioning Map Canadian Club Whisky is positioned in the alcoholic beverage market as smooth, pure, high quality whisky. This product is ideal for those who enjoy an adventurous and sociable lifestyle. It focuses on its revolutionary length of aging, bringing a higher quality of whisky. | | | | | | | | | | | Potent| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | Smooth|   |   |   |   | Harsh| | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | | ? |   | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | Weak| | | | | | | | | | | ?| Canadian Club Whisky| | | | ?| Jameson Irish Whiskey| | | | ?| Crown Royal Whisky| | | | ?| Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whisky| | | | ?| Smirnoff Vodka| | | | ?| Budweiser Lager| | | | Product Analysis Core product| Actual product| Augmented product| * The consumer may experience a feeli ng of relaxation and excitement, which creates an atmosphere of enjoyment. * A branded product; a liquid beverage within a bottle, covered with a label. | * Able to be exchanged bottle for a recycling refund. | Pricing Analysis Pricing Strategy Price: $24. 40 750 ml bottle Demand-Oriented Pricing Bundle – For seasonal holidays, Canadian Club sells bottles bundled with rock glasses for a higher price than a regular bottle, however the glasses offer a greater value to the bundle. Penetration – The average price of a 750 ml bottle of spirits is $26. 00. Canadian Club is sold at a cheaper rate to be more appealing to consumers. Competition-Oriented PricingBelow Market – Most spirits are sold for a higher price than Canadian Club. This gives Canadian Club an edge against the competition. Competitive Pricing Analysis | Canadian Club| Jameson| Jack Daniels| Crown Royal| Smirnoff| Budweiser| LCBO| 24. 40| 30. 30| 29. 85| 34. 45| 24. 45| 23. 50| SAQ| 21. 99| 30. 25| 29. 99| 29. 99| 23. 25| 22. 50| Liquor Mart| 24. 99| 27. 85| 27. 25| 26. 99| 22. 99| 22. 32| BC Liquor| 23. 75| 32. 99| 29. 99| 27. 99| 24. 99| 27. 29| NSLC| 26. 98| 30. 99| 29. 99| 29. 99| 26. 98| 25. 79| Liquor World| 23. 85| 32. 95| 27. 25| 34. 85| 22. 95| 23. 85|Distribution Analysis Distribution Strategy Canadian Club is distributed in all provinces/territories exclusively. This is due to strict laws set out provincially that control the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Most provinces and territories have kept total or near-total control over the sale of liquor. Quebec and Alberta have managed their own municipal liquor stores, yet have allowed liquor sales in some retail stores. Distribution Channels Government-Owned Liquor Store (LCBO) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Consumer Consumer Retailer (LCBO) Retailer (LCBO)The most popular distribution channel in Canada is the number of government-owned liquor stores, province-to-province. Few provinces have alte rnative channels for distributing hard liquor. Because this channel is strictly controlled by the government, the product goes directly into the retail stores from the producer. It is then available to the consumer. This retail store also acts a wholesaler to private retailers and businesses. Private Liquor Store (Liquor Mart) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Wholesaler Wholesaler Very few private liquor stores are in operation in Canada. The liquor goes rom the producer to the wholesaler which is also the government-owned retail stores like LCBO. The private retailer must purchase their liquor from their provincial liquor wholesaler for resale to the consumer. Private retailer Private retailer Consumer Consumer Private Online Retailer (Whisky Exchange) Wholesaler Wholesaler Producer (Beam Inc. ) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Similar to private retail stores, online stores must go through the same distribution process. This means purchasing from the government-controlled wholesal er before direct resale to the consumer online. Online retail Online retail ConsumerConsumer Private Business (Fox and the Fiddle Pub) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Producer (Beam Inc. ) Government-controlled retail Government-controlled retail The distribution of Canadian Club to business is strictly controlled by the government. As such, businesses are only entitled to purchase their liquor from government-controlled retailers. Industrial user Industrial user Marketing Communications Analysis Public Relations The public relations in The Canadian Club Whisky is approached in a variety of ways. For example the fourth season premiere of  Mad Man  was the first episode that involved Canadian Club whiskey.Cumulative results of that product placement across the season: * Overall Placement Value: $495,200Audience * Reach: 13,755,960 * Overall Audience Retention: 8,671,500 * Positive Feeling from Placement: 933,984 * Influence to Purchase from Viewing: 36,040 They also hold special events suc h as Canadian Club ® Whisky Historic Treasure Hunt; where truly unique treasure hunts, starting in Windsor, Canada at the Canadian Club Heritage Centre, participants will learn more about Canadian Club's rich heritage and could possibly win $100,000.The last method they use is through their website at www. thecanadianclubwhisky. com , where show you the history behind and all there advertisement. Advertising Canadian Club has multiple advertising tools that are used to promote their product. Canadian Club is advertised in a number of ways on television. This includes television commercial advertisements, occasionally running them in movie theatre previews and product placement in hit series like Mad Men and Boardwalk Empire. Magazine advertisements are used as well as posters in subways and billboards.Canadian Club is also connected on online social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to allow people to hear news about the product and also voice their opinion. Canadian C lub is also involved in motorsport sponsorship including the Molson Indy, which allows the brand name to get out to thousands of spectators. Advertising is also seen in private business to which Canadian Club gives free merchandise. This merchandise includes coasters, shot glasses, shot glass pads, matts, signs, and clothing.Direct Response Canadian Club sends out sales representatives to bars and clubs in order to promote their product as well as convince the bar/club owner make a purchase or continue purchasing from Canadian Club. The LCBO offers catalogues, based on the season, which establishes a link between the consumer and Canadian Club. On the Canadian Club website, they have a micro-site that divulges their history during Prohibition in connection with the currently airing hit tv-show Boardwalk Empire.On the website, they provide links to cocktails a consumer may make using Canadian Club, educational videos, as well as photos of some of the most prominent Prohibition player s. Sales Promotion Canadian Club received its first royal patronage from Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert. Canadian Club has a micro-site that educates customers on its role during the Prohibition. Canadian Club also sponsors F1 driving. Starting in 1967, Canadian Club held a promotion that included hiding cases of Canadian Club all over the world.The public were given clues and to this day, still three cases remain unfound, one being in the North Pole. Location of Factor| TYPE OF FACTOR| | Favourable| Unfavourable| Internal| Strengths * Prominent brand awareness in over 150 countries * Bartenders have been using CC in their drinks since its early years * Legendary, smooth flavor * Flavours are flexible and vary for different preferred tastes| Weaknesses * Price of product(s) may be more than that of competing companies * Monopolies may create high barriers that are hard to overcome, for new companies/products wishing to enter a market (ie.Expanding) * Indirect competiti on from other companies that sell other alcoholic products may take away consumers | External| Opportunities * Growing demand for new flavours and/or access to the brand in more countries around the world * Increasing demand for Whiskey over other alcoholic beverages due to changes in preferences (socio-cultural forces)| Threats * Cheaper products with a similar taste to that of CC * Competition with other alcoholic beverages * Socio-cultural forces may influence consumer preferences| SWOT AnalysisBibliography Official Canadian Club Website. (2011). Canadian Club Import Company. Deerfield, IL. Retrieved December 8, 2011, from www. canadianclubwhisky. com LCBO Retail Website. (2011). Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Retrieved December 8, 2011, from www. lcbo. com Hide-A-Case. (2011). Canadian Club Import Company. Deerfield, IL. Retrieved on December 8, 2011, from www. hideacase. com Canadian Club – Damn Right. (2009). The Arf. Retrieved on December 8, 2011, from http://thearf- org-aux-assets. s3. amazonaws. om/ogilvy/cs/Ogilvy-09-CS-CanadianClubWhisky. pdf Kent, A. (2011, April). Canadian Club – The Unofficial Whisky of Prohibition. Good Food Revolution. Retrieved on December 8, 2011, from www. goodfoodrevolution. wordpress. com/2011/04/19/canadian-club-the-unofficial-whisky-of-prohibition/ Loughlin, C. (2010). Explore Prohibition Cocktails with Canadian Club & Boardwalk Empire. The Intoxicologist. Retrieved on December 8, 2011, from www. intoxicologist. net/2010/10/exploring-prohibition-with-canadian-club-cockt

Skeletal Survey

Skeletal survey is a consistently apply series of radiographic images that include the entire skeleton or those anatomical areas suitable for clinical indicators (The Americana College of radiography, 2014). Moreover, it using x-ray beam that pass through the patient electromagnetically to capture and take many x-ray images of body from the skull to feet (Adam ,2017). In addition, radiography skeletal survey are necessary in many clinical conditions such as , Skeletal dysplasia's, disseminated infections, metastatic bone disease, multiple myeloma, suspected child abuse and many other pathologies in pediatric. The most common indication of it is child abuse. According to centers for disease control and prevention (2009), child abuse is any act or series of act or neglect from the parent or other care provider that harm the child. Child abuse is one of the common problem which can find in the social and ethnic borders. For instant, in 1993, US the third National Incidence Study of Child Abused shown that approximately 1,553,800 children in United States were abused. Therefore skeletal surveys are applied to determine the physical injuries in children according to specific guidelines. Furthermore, the skeletal survey performed on suspected abuse to provide enough anatomic detailed to image the skeleton of them or any young patients. However, there are special stander that published by American college of radiology that mention there were special film cassettes and intensifying screens to reduce the radiation exposure and they mention that low dose enough for chest and abdomen however its insufficient in some part like rib, metaphysical and other high specific injuries. Also it should provide without an anti scatter grid and faster general for especially thicker part. Nowadays, digital or computed radiography are used in most hospitals for pediatric imaging. DR and CR produce high quality image as it replace the traditional film/screen imaging. DR produce high quality image because it is lower in spatial resolution tan traditional film/screen imaging. Also the ability of doing post processing provide the ability to modify the image to avoid repeating the examinations and provide the ability to compare in diagnostic performance for skeletal imaging. Moreover, it provides the ability to select low exposure value to reduce dosage with producing high quality diagnostic image.

The Hunter Trials Essays

The Hunter Trials Essays The Hunter Trials Paper The Hunter Trials Paper Essay Topic: poem Hunter Trials is a humorous poem written by renowned author John Betjemen. The poem captures the thoughts and feelings of a young girl who is competing in a gymkhana. The overall structure and vocabulary of the poem is uncomplicated and therefore adds interest and comedy to the text. The poem contains eight verses, each of which contain four lines. There is an apparent rhyming scheme of lines two and four, and one and three. The poem is in first person and allows the writer to portray his ideas more clearly. During the poem, John Betjemen stereotypes posh people and reflects on their accents and way of speech such as: Do, lend her some bits, Mummy, do. This therefore ties in with the subject and makes the poem humorous. The writer also includes several bizarre and unusual names such as Geyser and Blewitt These names are positioned at the end of the lines and makes the poem more humorous. As well as that, the last verse finishes off the poem well. The sentence: And my silly old collar bones bust Represents the spoiled child that John tried to capture throughout this poem. Yet the main factor that contributes to the comedy of the poem is the sequence of the events. For instance, the idea of fishing down the horses throat with a spanner is in itself amusing. Overall, the poem uses several techniques and use of words to portray the bright and amusing side of a gymkhana.

A Detailed Report on Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is an ailment that affects the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord causing disablement. MS is an autoimmune disorder where immune system targets oligodendrocytes causing the protective myelin sheath of neurons to disappear, which in turn causes communication problem between brain and the rest of the body. Myelin sheath eventually disappear leaving scar tissue or sclerosis hence giving the name multiple sclerosis of scar of multiple areas (Scolding & Wilkins, 2012). The funding regarding detailed study of MS is discussed below as history, etiology, types, symptoms and treatment. The history of understanding and recognizing MS dates back to the end years of the nineteenth century when the foremost doctors around the world came to comprehend that MS was a specific disorder. Dr. Walter Moxon identified MS in England in the year 1873, and in the United States, Dr. Edward Seguin also established the same in 1878 (Menon et al., 2013). It became common knowledge among physicians that the disease is seen more frequently in women than in men and cause many different neurological symptoms and is not directly inherited. Etiology of MS includes the causes of the disease. Although, the specific cause of the disease is still unknown researchers believe that several different factors can act together or separately in causing the disease. The activation and differentiation of CD4+ auto-reactive T cells into Th1 cells are important factors in the long-term evolution of the disease. Antibodies, CD8+ T cells, complement and innate immune cells, mediate damage of the target tissue. Regulatory CD4+ T cells, Th2 cells, NK cells and others may be partly accountable for the chronic progressive or relapsing-remitting nature of the disease (Iezzoni, 2010).   Exposure to sunlight and production of vitamin D, viral infections such as Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis), Varicella zoster and increased amount of salt in triggering immune response may play an important role in causing MS (Iezzoni, 2010). Although MS is not inherited genetically, a number of  genetic variations  have been identified to increase the risk. These include differences in the  human leukocyte antigen  (HLA) system. Alleles  of the MHC namely  DR15  and  DQ6 found to be associated with MS. Other loci such as C554  and  HLA-DRB1 are also involved (Iezzoni, 2010). RRMS is the most common appearance of multiple sclerosis that occurs in 85 percent of people suffering from MS. When new symptoms materialize, people suffering from RRMS have relapses of flare-ups or exacerbations (Malik, Donnelly & Barnett, 2014). In SPMS, Symptoms tend to worsen as the disease progress, either including or excluding the episodes of relapses or remissions. Majority of the people diagnosed with RRMS tend to progress to SPMS (Malik, Donnelly & Barnett, 2014). This is an uncommon variant of MS, stirring in about 10% of the cases. Symptoms tend to degenerate slowly form beginning to end in this type of MS. Relapses or remissions are however, absent (Malik, Donnelly & Barnett, 2014). PRMS is an infrequent type of MS seen only in 5% of the cases is characterized by steady deterioration of diseased condition from the start along with acute relapses and without remissions (Malik, Donnelly & Barnett, 2014). Symptoms of MS vary in a wide range. Typical symptoms include bladder and bowel obstructions, impairment of cognitive function, emotional changes and depression; and fatigue in 90% of the cases. Dizziness and vertigo is a common associated symptom of MS along with Tremors and muscle spasms. Sexual dysfunction is a common problem among both men and women (Scolding & Wilkins, 2012).   Ã‚   There is no cure existing for multiple sclerosis but for the relapsing forms of MS, Several disease-modifying drugs are proposed. The generalized idea about MS and the types, causes, symptoms and common treatment options have been already discussed above. This part of the study includes consequences of MS along with rehabilitation options and alternative therapies proposed for treating MS. MS varies considerably from person to person hence; no one can predict the future implications perfectly. However, MS is not a fatal disease for the vast majority and disability is not to be anticipated in all cases. Several studies showed 95% of normal life expectancy in people with MS (Davidson et al., 2013). Rehabilitation is intended to assist the MS patient to improve or maintain their capacity to function in personal and professional life. Rehabilitation programs usually include Physical therapy, Occupational, Speech and swallowing and Vocational rehabilitation. Cognitive rehabilitation is also done  for assisting people in managing specific problems in thinking and perception (Davidson et al., 2013). Cannabis exact is already in the phase III clinical trials for experimental and alternative therapies of MS. It is considered as experimental drug option for treating relapsing forms of MS. Apart from that Plasmapheresis which involves withdrawing whole blood from the patient and replacing with new plasma is also an option for alternative therapies and have proved to be effective (Davidson et al., 2013). MS is complex disease and present itself with a variety of symptoms and in many forms. People affected suffering from MS not only suffer from physical impairment but also suffer from depression and isolation. From the above discussions, it can be concluded that even though MS cannot be cured there are definitely many options for improving the quality of life of people suffering from it. Multiple sclerosis patients frequently undergo depression hence family of these patients needs to be supportive and patient. Multiple treatment options can be recommended to try for MS treatment. Multi-drug approach along with physical therapy is a good way of approaching Ms associated symptoms. Conservative treatment although proved to be effective but people need to opt for alternative therapies for research advancements for finding cure of this disease.   Davidson, Fallon, Slomski, & Cataldo, Tish, Fleming, Genevieve, Laura L. T. Jean. (2013). Multiple Sclerosis. 2228-2235. Retrieved from https://acu-edu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=TN_gvrl_refCX2760400705&context=PC&vid=61ACU&search_scope=61ACU_All&tab=61acu_all&lang=en_US Iezzoni, L. (2010). Multiple Sclerosis. : ABC-CLIO. Retrieved from https://www.ebrary.com.ezproxy1.acu.edu.au Malik, O., Donnelly, A., & Barnett, M. (2014). Fast Facts: Multiple Sclerosis : Multiple Sclerosis (3). Oxford, GB: Health Press. Retrieved from https://www.ebrary.com.ezproxy2.acu.edu.au Menon, S., Shirani, A., Zhao, Y., Oger, J., Traboulsee, A., Freedman, M., & Tremlett, H. (2013). Characterising aggressive multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 84(11), 1192. Scolding, Neil, & Wilkins, Alastair. (2012). Multiple sclerosis (Oxford neurology library Multiple sclerosis). Retrieved from https://acu-edu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=61ACU_ALMA5194537680002352&context=L&vid=61ACU&search_scope=61ACU_All&tab=61acu_all&lang=en_US